Plate Coin Wildwinds: Carausius-Pax-Antoninianus (287-293) AD. London mint.

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Ancient Roman Imperial Coins - Carausius - Pax Antoninianus

287-293 AD. London mint. Obv: IMP CARAVSIVS P AVG legend with radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: PAX AVG legend with Pax standing left, holding olive branch and transverse sceptre; mintmark ML below (partially off flan). 4.87 grams. RIC V-2, London 122; Normanby hoard 1564; Sear - See Wildwinds.com (this coin). Very fine. Scarce. 

 

Carausius was a man of humble origin, a Menapian who distinguished himself during Maximian's campaign against the Bagaudae rebels in northern Gaul in 286. This success, and his former occupation as a pilot, led to his appointment to command the Classis Britannica, a fleet based in the English Channel, with the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coasts of Armorica and Belgica. However, he was suspected of keeping captured treasure for himself, and even of allowing the pirates to carry out raids and enrich themselves before taking action against them. Consequently, Maximian ordered his execution. In late 286 or early 287 Carausius learned of this sentence and responded by declaring himself Emperor in Britain and northern Gaul. His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built, and the three legions stationed in Britain, but a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign auxiliary units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.

Sheppard Frere wonders how Carausius was able to win support from the army when his command had been sea-based, and speculates that he had perhaps been involved in an unrecorded victory in Britain, connected with Diocletian's assumption of the title Britannicus Maximus in 285, and signs of destruction in Romano-British towns at this time. However, the campaign against the Bagaudae was evidently land-based, and may be responsible for Carausius's popularity with the army. Equally, if the accusations of larceny are true, he could perhaps afford to buy their loyalty.

Maximian prepared an invasion of Britain in 288 or 289 to oust him, but it failed. A panegyric delivered to Constantius Chlorus attributes this failure to bad weather, but notes that Carausius claimed a military victory. Eutropius says that hostilities were in vain thanks to Carausius's military skill, and peace was agreed. Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition. He minted his own coins and brought their value in to line with Roman issues as well as acknowledging and honoring Maximian and then Diocletian. Coinage is the main source of information about the rogue emperor; his issues were initially crude but soon became more elaborate and were issued from mints in Londinium, Rotomagnus and a third site, possibly Colonia Claudia Victricensis.

A milestone from Carlisle with his name on it suggests that the whole of Roman Britain was in Carausius' grasp.

This situation continued until 293, when Constantius Chlorus, now the western Caesar, marched into Gaul and reclaimed it for the empire. He isolated Carausius by besieging the port of Bononia, and invading Batavia in the Rhine delta, securing his rear against Carausius's Frankish allies. (The tide turned in 293 when Constantius Chlorus was given the task as the Western Caesar. He was ordered to break the back of Carausius' rebellion. He did this by besieging the city of Bononia resulting in the closing of its harbor. The city surrendered, causing fear and unrest in Britain. Carausius' moneyer, Allectus, took advantage of the events by assassinating Carausius and claiming the throne for himself. Constantius was left with a new, probably vulnerable enemy, but lacked a fleet of ships to pursue him. This gifted Allectus with another three years of life while the Romans planned yet another invasion.He could not yet mount an invasion of Britain until a suitable fleet could be built.) Nevertheless, Carausius's grip on power was fatally undermined. Allectus, whom he had put in charge of his treasury, assassinated him and assumed power himself. The reign of Allectus would last only three years, after which he was defeated and killed by Constantius's subordinate Julius Asclepiodotus.

In April 2010 a large hoard of coins was unearthed, near Frome, Somerset, United Kingdom, which includes the largest group of coins issued during Carausius' reign ever found; 760 coins from his reign were found in a group of 52,500 Roman coins that also included 5 rare silver denarii. The find was equivalent to four years pay for a Roman legionary and was probably buried in hopes of a good harvest or good weather. The hoard dates from later than his reign, however, as it includes coins struck at a later date. Credit: Ilya Zlobin

Carausius appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule: he issued coins with legends such as Restitutor Britanniae (Restorer of Britain) and Genius Britanniae (Spirit of Britain). However, he also used coins for far more sophisticated propaganda. He issued the first proper silver coins that had appeared in the Roman Empire for generations, knowing that good quality bullion coinage would enhance his legitimacy and make him look more successful than Diocletian and Maximian. Some of these silver coins bear the legend Expectate veni, 'Come long-awaited one', recognized to allude to a line in the Aeneid by the Augustan poet Virgil, written more than 300 years previously. So he was trying to suggest that not only was he, Carausius, a kind of messianic new ruler, but was also showing his association with Roman culture rather than any kind of remote provincial culture.

Some of the silver coins bear the legend RSR in the exergue (an area on a coin below the legend). This was considered to be a mystery for a long time. Two Carausian medallions, now in the British Museum have also been found. One has RSR in the exergue, the other has INPCDA. Since 1998 these letters have been recognized as representing the sixth and seventh lines of the Fourth Eclogue of Virgil, which reads Redeunt Saturnia Regna, Iam Nova Progenies Caelo Demittitur Alto, meaning 'The Golden Ages are back, now a new generation is let down from Heaven above'. This poem was as famous in the Roman world as Shakespeare's works are today, so any educated reader would certainly have realized what the initials stood for as it was commonplace in antiquity to reduce slogans and phrases to abbreviations.

No other Roman emperor in history ever made such an explicit reference to famous Roman literature. It is quite extraordinary that in a remote province like Britain a rebel emperor should utilize such a method to appeal to his public. He was claiming to represent a revival of traditional Roman virtues and the great traditions of the Empire, as established by Augustus in the last few decades of the first century BC; not in Rome but in Britain!

Carausius, a trusted Roman officer who deserted, or rather absconded with a portion of the Roman fleet, took several large loads of pirate booty and headed to England. He hid behind the Isle of Wight, and when the rest of the fleet sailed away, he made England his new home. Carausius didn’t stop with England, he built Britain in to a power base, later adding a significant portion of Gaul as well. He proclaimed himself emperor and Agustus and issued a great deal of non de-based silver, gold and brass coinage, featuring himself and sometimes the other Roman emperors as co-agusti (AUGGG). To establish the legitimacy of his claim he used “coin propaganda”. It would, work well for him, as it had for many emperors before him. Fortunately for us, these messages, borne on coins, preserved a significant amount of otherwise lost information on Carausius Even more fortunately, thousands of these coins were discovered in a horde of 52,000 coins, by a man with a metal detector in 2010.

Carausius became deeply implanted in Britain. Diocletian and Maximian both failed in several attempts to dislodge him and ultimately acknowledged him as the ruler of Britain in 290. That lasted about three years until battle worn and exhausted by defections of many of the local tribes, Carausius was assassinated by his treasurer, Allectus. Carausius had been the first ruler of a unified Britain.

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  • Cleaned/Uncleaned: unknown
  • Modified Item: No
  • Composition: Bronze
  • Ruler: Diocletian
  • Certification: none
  • Denomination: Antoninianus
  • Date: 287-293 AD

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