3 1942 Bobby Jones Golfer WW2 Army by Ray Platnick Old Photo Negative Lot 468A

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (807) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US, Item: 176277816025 3 1942 Bobby Jones Golfer WW2 Army by Ray Platnick Old Photo Negative Lot 468A. Bantock, Jack (April 5, 2023). 2 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 520 4. Layout of Augusta National Golf Club. The course layout in 2023 3 Flowering Peach 350 4 12 Golden Bell 155 3. Did not play. Authentic 4x5 original 3 negative lot as shown of Bobby Jones by famed photographer Ray Platnick. This negative lot is from the PM New York City Daily News between 1940 - 1948. Robert Tyre Jones Jr. was an American amateur golfer who was one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport; he was also a lawyer by profession. Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club, and co-founded the Masters Tournament.

Robert Tyre Jones Jr. (March 17, 1902 – December 18, 1971) was an American amateur golfer who was one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport; he was also a lawyer by profession. Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club, and co-founded the Masters Tournament. The innovations that he introduced at the Masters have been copied by virtually every professional golf tournament in the world. Jones was the most successful amateur golfer ever to compete at a national and international level. During his peak from 1923 to 1930, he dominated top-level amateur competition, and competed very successfully against the world's best professional golfers.[6] Jones often beat stars such as Walter Hagen and Gene Sarazen, the era's top pros. Jones earned his living mainly as a lawyer, and competed in golf only as an amateur, primarily on a part-time basis, and chose to retire from competition at age 28, though he earned significant money from golf after that, as an instructor and equipment designer. Explaining his decision to retire, Jones said, "It [championship golf] is something like a cage. First you are expected to get into it and then you are expected to stay there. But of course, nobody can stay there."[7] Jones is most famous for his unique "Grand Slam," consisting of his victory in all four major golf tournaments of his era (the open and amateur championships in both the U.S. & the U.K.) in a single calendar year (1930). In all Jones played in 31 majors, winning 13 and placing among the top ten finishers 27 times. After retiring from competitive golf in 1930, Jones founded and helped design the Augusta National Golf Club soon afterwards in 1933. He also co-founded the Masters Tournament, which has been annually staged by the club since 1934 (except for 1943–45, when it was canceled due to World War II). The Masters evolved into one of golf's four major championships. Jones came out of retirement in 1934 to play in the Masters on an exhibition basis through 1948. Jones played his last round of golf at East Lake Golf Club, his home course in Atlanta, on August 18, 1948. A picture commemorating the event now sits in the clubhouse at East Lake. Citing health reasons, he quit golf permanently thereafter. Bobby Jones was often confused with the prolific golf course designer, Robert Trent Jones, with whom he worked from time to time. "People always used to get them confused, so when they met, they decided each be called something different," Robert Trent Jones Jr. said. To help avoid confusion, the golfer was called "Bobby," and the golf course designer was called "Trent."[8] Early life Jones, age 14 Jones at the Southern Open in New Orleans, 1919 Jones was born on March 17, 1902, in Atlanta, Georgia. He battled health issues as a young boy, and golf was prescribed to strengthen him. Encouraged by his father, "Colonel" Robert Purmedus Jones, an Atlanta lawyer, Jones loved golf from the start. He developed quickly into a child prodigy who won his first children's tournament at the age of six at his home course at East Lake Golf Club. In 1916, Jones won his first major golf event when he claimed the inaugural Georgia Amateur Championship conducted by the Georgia State Golf Association at the Capital City Club, in Brookhaven, at age 14. His victory at this event put him in the national spotlight for the first time. The Georgia Amateur win caught the eye of the United States Golf Association which awarded Jones his first invitation to the U.S. Amateur at Merion near Philadelphia. Jones advanced to the quarterfinals in his first playing in the event.[9] He was influenced by club professional Stewart Maiden, a native of Carnoustie, Scotland. Maiden was the professional at the Atlanta Athletic Club's East Lake Golf Club, who also trained Alexa Stirling, the three-time winner of the U.S. Women's Amateur, who was five years older than Jones but also a prodigy at East Lake.[10] Jones also received golf lessons from Willie Ogg when he was in his teenage years.[11] Jones played frequently with his father, a skilled golfer himself. The younger Jones sometimes battled his own temper on the course, but later controlled his emotions as he became more experienced.[12] Jones toured the U.S. during World War I from 1917 to 1918, playing exhibition matches before large crowds, often with Alexa Stirling and Perry Adair, to generate income for war relief. Playing in front of such crowds in these matches helped him, as he moved into national competition a bit later on.[citation needed] Jones successfully represented the United States for the first time, in two winning international amateur team matches against Canada, in 1919 and 1920, earning three of a possible four points in foursomes and singles play. In 1919 he traveled to Hamilton Golf and Country Club, for his first serious competitive action outside the U.S., while in 1920, Engineers Country Club, in Roslyn, Long Island, hosted the matches. Still a teenager, he was by far the youngest player in the series. Jones also played in the 1919 Canadian Open while in Hamilton, Ontario, performing very well to place tied for second, but 16 shots behind winner J. Douglas Edgar.[13] Edgar had immigrated from England in 1919 to take a club professional's job in Atlanta at Druid Hills Golf Club; Edgar mentored and played frequently with Jones from 1919 to 1921. Edgar was credited by Jones with helping develop his game significantly.[14] Jones qualified for his first U.S. Open at age 18 in 1920, and was paired with the legendary Harry Vardon for the first two rounds.[15] He won the Southern Amateur three times: 1917, 1920, and 1922.[16] Jones earned his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Georgia Tech in 1922 and played for the varsity golf team, lettering all four years.[2][17] Jones was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and the Georgia Phi chapter house at Georgia Tech is named in his honor.[citation needed] He then earned an A.B. in English Literature from Harvard College in 1924, where he was a member of the Owl Club. In 1926 he entered Emory University School of Law and became a member of Phi Delta Phi.[18] After only three semesters he passed the Georgia bar exam and subsequently joined his father's law firm, Jones, Evins, Moore and Howell, (predecessor to Alston & Bird), in Atlanta, Georgia.[19] Golf First majors Jones holding trophy at 1925 U.S. Amateur final British Open win 1930 As an adult, he hit his stride and won his first U.S. Open in 1923. From that win at New York's Inwood Country Club, through his 1930 victory in the U.S. Amateur, he won 13 major championships (as they were counted at the time) in 21 attempts.[19] Jones was the first player to win "The Double", both the U.S. and British Open Championships in the same year (1926). He was the second (and last) to win the U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur in the same year (1930), first accomplished in 1916 by Chick Evans.[20] 1930: Grand Slam Jones is the only player ever to have won the (pre-Masters) Grand Slam, or all four major championships, in the same calendar year (1930). Jones's path to the 1930 Grand Slam title was: The Amateur Championship, Old Course at St Andrews, Scotland (May 31, 1930) The Open Championship, Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake, England (June 20, 1930) U.S. Open, Interlachen Country Club, Minnesota (July 12, 1930) U.S. Amateur, Merion Golf Club, Pennsylvania (September 27, 1930[21]) Jones made a bet on himself achieving this feat with British bookmakers early in 1930, before the first tournament of the Slam, at odds of 50–1, and collected over $60,000 when he did it.[22] Walker Cup Jones represented the United States in the Walker Cup five times, winning nine of his 10 matches, and the U.S. won the trophy all five times. He served as playing captain of the U.S. team in 1928 and 1930. He also won two other tournaments against professionals: the 1927 Southern Open and the 1930 Southeastern Open. Jones was a lifelong member of the Atlanta Athletic Club (at the club's original site, now the East Lake Golf Club), and the Capital City Club in Atlanta.[citation needed] Sportsmanship In the first round of the 1925 U.S. Open at the Worcester Country Club near Boston, his approach shot to the 11th hole's elevated green fell short into the deep rough of the embankment. As he took his stance to pitch onto the green, the head of his club brushed the grass and caused a slight movement of the ball. He took the shot, then informed his playing partner Walter Hagen and the USGA official covering their match that he was calling a penalty on himself. Hagen was unable to talk him out of it, and they continued play. After the round and before he signed his scorecard, officials argued with Jones but he insisted that he had violated Rule 18, moving a ball at rest after address, and took a 77 instead of the 76 he otherwise would have carded. Jones's self-imposed one-stroke penalty eventually cost him the win by a stroke in regulation, necessitating a playoff, which he then lost. Although praised by many sports writers for his gesture, Jones was reported to have said, "You might as well praise me for not robbing banks."[23][24][25][26] A similar event occurred in the next U.S. Open, played at the Scioto Country Club in Columbus, Ohio. In the second round, after his opening round put him in second place, Jones was putting on the 15th green in the face of a strong wind. After grounding his putter during address to square up the club face, the ball rolled a half turn in the wind when Jones lifted the club head to place it behind the ball. Although no one else observed this movement of the ball either, again Jones called a penalty on himself, but this time Jones went on to win the tournament, the second of his four U.S. Open victories.[27][28] St Andrews, Scotland Jones had a unique relationship with the town of St Andrews. On his first appearance on the Old Course in The Open Championship of 1921, he withdrew after 11 holes in the third round, when he failed to complete the hole (in effect disqualifying himself), and tore up his scorecard, although he finished the round and indeed played the fourth round as well. He firmly stated his dislike for The Old Course and the town reciprocated, saying in the press, "Master Bobby is just a boy, and an ordinary boy at that." Later, he came to love the Old Course and the town like few others. When he won the Open at the Old Course in 1927, he wowed the crowd by asking that the trophy remain with his friends at the Royal and Ancient Golf Club rather than return with him to Atlanta. He won the British Amateur over The Old Course in 1930, and scored a double eagle 2 on the fourth hole (then a par-5, now a par-4), by holing a very long shot from a fairway bunker.[22] In 1958, he was named a Freeman of the City of St Andrews, becoming only the second American to be so honored, the other being Benjamin Franklin in 1759. As Jones departed Younger Hall with his honor, the assembly spontaneously serenaded him off to the traditional tune of Will Ye No Come Back Again? in a famously moving tribute.[29] Today, a scholarship exchange bearing the Jones name exists between the University of St Andrews and Emory University, Queen's University, The University of Western Ontario and the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. At Emory, four students are sent to St Andrews for an all-expenses-paid year of study and travel. In return, Emory accepts four students from St Andrews each year. The program, the Robert T. Jones Scholarship, is among the most unusual scholarships offered by any university.[30] Turned professional In September 1930, a month and a half after his final U.S. Amateur victory, Jones turned professional. Though he did not intend to earn money from playing golf in pro tournaments, Jones intended to make money from instructional films and books. According to USGA rules, only professionals were allowed to make money from golf in any form.[31][32] In addition, Jones worked with J Victor East, an Australian of A.G. Spalding & Co., to develop the first set of matched steel-shafted clubs; the clubs sold very well and into the 1970s were still considered among the best-designed sets ever made.[15] Masters Tournament Jones played in the first dozen Masters, through 1948, but only in the first as a contender. By then, his health at age 46 had declined to the stage where this was no longer possible. With his health difficulties, being past his prime, and not competing elsewhere to stay in tournament form, he never truly contended at the Masters, although his scores were usually respectable. These were almost all ceremonial performances, since his main duty was as host of the event. His extraordinary popularity, efforts with the course design, and tournament organization boosted the profile of the Masters significantly. The tournament, jointly run by Jones and Clifford Roberts, made many important innovations that became the norm elsewhere, such as gallery ropes to control the flow of the large crowds, many scoreboards around the course, the use of red / green numbers on those scoreboards to denote under / over par scores, an international field of top players, high-caliber television coverage, and week-long admission passes for patrons, which became extremely hard to obtain. The tournament also sought and welcomed feedback from players, fans, and writers, leading to continual improvement over the years. The Masters gradually evolved to being one of the most respected tournaments in the world, one of the four major championships.[33] Augusta National Golf Club Following his retirement from competitive golf in 1930, and even in the years leading up to that, Jones had become one of the most famous sports figures in the world, and was recognized virtually everywhere he went in public. While certainly appreciative of the enormous adulation and media coverage, this massive attention caused Jones to lose personal privacy in golf circles, and he wished to create a private golf club where he and his friends could play golf in peace and quiet. For several years, he searched for a property near Atlanta where he could develop his own golf club. His friend Clifford Roberts, a New York City investment dealer, knowing of Jones's desire, became aware of a promising property for sale in Augusta, Georgia, where Jones's mother-in-law[34] had grown up, and informed Jones about it.[33] Jones first visited Fruitlands, an Augusta arboretum and indigo plantation since the Civil War era, in the spring of 1930,[22] and he purchased it for $70,000 in 1931, with the plan to design a golf course on the site.[35] Jones co-designed the Augusta National course with Alister MacKenzie; the new club opened in early 1933. He founded the Masters Tournament, first played at Augusta in March 1934. The new tournament, originally known as the Augusta National Invitational, was an immediate success, and attracted most of the world's top players right from its start. Jones came out of retirement to play, essentially on an exhibition basis, and his presence guaranteed enormous media attention, boosting the new tournament's fame.[33] Later, in 1947, he founded Peachtree Golf Club in Atlanta and co-designed the course with Robert Trent Jones.[36] Tournament wins (34) [37] 1908 East Lake Children's Tournament 1911 Junior Championship Cup of the Atlanta Athletic Club 1915 Invitation Tournament at Roebuck Springs, Birmingham Country Club Invitation, Davis & Freeman Cup at East Lake, East Lake Club Championship, Druid Hills Club Championship 1916 Georgia Amateur, Birmingham Country Club Invitation, Cherokee Club Invitation, East Lake Invitational 1917 Southern Amateur 1919 Yates-Gode Tournament 1920 Davis & Freeman Cup at East Lake, Southern Amateur, Morris County Invitational 1922 Southern Amateur 1923 U.S. Open 1924 U.S. Amateur 1925 U.S. Amateur 1926 The Open Championship, U.S. Open 1927 Southern Open, The Open Championship, U.S. Amateur 1928 Warren K. Wood Memorial, U.S. Amateur 1929 U.S. Open 1930 Southeastern Open, Golf Illustrated Gold Vase, The Amateur Championship, The Open Championship, U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur Open and amateur-only majors shown in bold. Major championships Wins (13) The Opens (7) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner(s)-up 1923 U.S. Open 3 shot lead +8 (71–73–76–76=296) Playoff 1 Scotland Bobby Cruickshank 1926 The Open Championship 2 shot deficit (72–72–73–74=291) 2 strokes United States Al Watrous 1926 U.S. Open 3 shot deficit +5 (70–79–71–73=293) 1 stroke United States Joe Turnesa 1927 The Open Championship 4 shot lead (68–72–73–72=285) 6 strokes Jersey Aubrey Boomer, England Fred Robson 1929 U.S. Open 3 shot lead +6 (69–75–71–79=294) Playoff 2 United States Al Espinosa 1930 The Open Championship 1 shot deficit (70–72–74–75=291) 2 strokes United States Leo Diegel, Scotland Macdonald Smith 1930 U.S. Open 5 shot lead −1 (71–73–68–75=287) 2 strokes Scotland Macdonald Smith 1 Defeated Bobby Cruickshank in an 18-hole playoff: Jones 76 (+4), Cruickshank 78 (+6). 2 Defeated Al Espinosa in a 36-hole playoff: Jones 72–69=141 (−3), Espinosa 84–80=164 (+20). The Amateurs (6) Year Championship Winning score Runner-up 1924 U.S. Amateur 9 & 8 United States George Von Elm 1925 U.S. Amateur 8 & 7 United States Watts Gunn 1927 U.S. Amateur 8 & 7 United States Chick Evans 1928 U.S. Amateur 10 & 9 England Philip Perkins 1930 The Amateur Championship 7 & 6 England Roger Wethered 1930 U.S. Amateur 8 & 7 United States Eugene V. Homans National Amateur championships were counted as majors at the time. Jones' actual major total using the standard in place in his lifetime was 13. U.S. national team appearances: amateur Walker Cup: 1922 (winners), 1924 (winners), 1926 (winners), 1928 (winners, playing captain), 1930 (winners, playing captain)[38] Results timeline The majors of Jones' time (those for which as an amateur he was eligible) were the U.S. and British Opens and Amateurs. Tournament 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 U.S. Open NT NT T8 T5 T2 LA 1 LA 2 LA 2 LA 1 LA T11 LA 2 LA 1 LA 1 LA The Open Championship NT NT NT NT WD 1 LA 1 LA 1 LA U.S. Amateur QF NT NT 2 M SF QF SF R16 M 1 1 2 M 1 M 1 R32 M 1 M The Amateur Championship NT NT NT NT R32 QF 1 Jones retired after his Grand Slam in 1930, playing only his own tournament, The Masters. As an amateur golfer, he was not eligible to compete in the PGA Championship. Tournament 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 Masters Tournament T13 T25 33 T29 T16 T33 WD 40 T28 NT NT NT T32 T55 50   Win   Top 10   Did not play M = Medalist LA = Low amateur NT = No tournament WD = Withdrew R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which Jones lost in amateur match play "T" indicates a tie for a place Sources for U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur,[39] British Open,[40] 1921 British Amateur,[41] 1926 British Amateur,[42] 1930 British Amateur,[43] and The Masters.[44] Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top-5 Top-10 Top-25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 – U.S. Open 4 4 0 9 10 11 11 11 The Open Championship 3 0 0 3 3 3 4 3 U.S. Amateur 5 2 2 11 12 13 13 13 The Amateur Championship 1 0 0 2 2 3 3 – Totals 13 6 2 25 27 33 43 27 Most consecutive cuts made – 21 (1916 U.S. Amateur – 1930 U.S. Amateur) Longest streak of top-10s – 14 (1921 U.S. Open – 1926 U.S. Amateur) Other records Jones's four titles in the U.S. Open remain tied for the most ever in that championship, along with Willie Anderson, Ben Hogan, and Jack Nicklaus. His four-second-place finishes in the U.S. Open place him second all-time with Sam Snead and Nicklaus. Phil Mickelson holds the dubious record with six (1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2013) second-place finishes. His five titles in the U.S. Amateur are a record. Jones was ranked as the fourth greatest golfer of all time by Golf Digest magazine in 2000. Nicklaus was first, Hogan second, and Snead third.[45] Jones was ranked as the third greatest golfer of all time in a major survey published by Golf Magazine, September 2009. Nicklaus was ranked first, with Tiger Woods second, Hogan fourth, and Snead fifth.[46] Films 1933 Goudey Sport Kings card Jones appeared in a series of short instructional films produced by Warner Brothers in 1931 titled How I Play Golf, by Bobby Jones (12 films) and in 1933 titled How to Break 90 (six films). The shorts were designed to be shown in theaters alongside feature films, whereby "would-be golfers of the country can have the Jones' instruction for the price of a theater ticket."[47] Jones indicated at the time of the making of the 1931 series that the films would be "designed as instructive" but not "so complicated that a non-golfer can't understand them."[47] The films were popular, and Jones gave up his amateur status while earning lucrative contract money for this venture.[32] These films were put into storage and were unavailable for decades, but a surviving print was located sixty years later and put into video format for preservation by Ely Callaway, a distant cousin of Jones's.[citation needed] All 18 shorts were subsequently preserved and released in a DVD collection by Warner Archive on November 6, 2012. They also air occasionally on Turner Classic Movies, usually in the space between features. Actors and actresses, mostly under contract with Warner Brothers, but also from other studios, volunteered to appear in these 18 episodes. Some of the more well-known actors to appear in the instructional plots included James Cagney, Joe E. Brown, Edward G. Robinson, W.C. Fields, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Richard Barthelmess, Richard Arlen, Guy Kibbee, Warner Oland and Loretta Young. Various scenarios involving the actors were used to provide an opportunity for Jones to convey a lesson about a particular part of the game. The shorts were directed by the prolific George Marshall. Title list of the shorts How I Play Golf[48] The Putter (April 26, 1931, Film Daily review) Chip Shots (April 26) The Niblick (May 31) The Mashie Niblick (June 5) Medium Irons (July 5) The Big Irons (July 12) The Spoon (July 19) The Brassie (August 1) The Driver (August 30) Trouble Shots (September 13) Practice Shots (September 27) A Round of Golf (September 4) How To Break 90[48] The Grip (April 17, 1933) Position and Backswing (May 15) Hip Action (May 20) Down Swing (The Downswing) (May 29) Impact (July 15) Fine Points (August 5) Jones was the subject of the quasi-biographical 2004 feature film Bobby Jones: A Stroke of Genius in which he was portrayed by Jim Caviezel.[48] The Jones legend was also used to create a supporting character in The Legend of Bagger Vance in 2000, portrayed by Joel Gretsch, and the event where he called his own penalty is used for the fictional protagonist, Rannulph Junuh.[citation needed] Books Time, August 31, 1925 Jones authored several books on golf including Down the Fairway with Oscar Bane "O.B." Keeler (1927), The Rights and Wrongs of Golf (1933), Golf Is My Game (1959), Bobby Jones on Golf (1966), and Bobby Jones on the Basic Golf Swing (1968) with illustrator Anthony Ravielli. The 300-copy limited edition of Down the Fairway is considered one of the rarest and most sought-after golf books by collectors. To keep this book readily available to golfers, Herbert Warren Wind included a reproduction of Down the Fairway in his Classics of Golf Library.[49] Jones has been the subject of several books, most notably The Bobby Jones Story and A Boy's Life of Bobby Jones, both by O.B. Keeler. Other notable texts are The Life and Times of Bobby Jones: Portrait of a Gentleman by Sidney L. Matthew, The Greatest Player Who Never Lived by J. Michael Veron, and Triumphant Journey: The Saga of Bobby Jones and the Grand Slam of Golf by Richard Miller. Published in 2006, The Grand Slam by Mark Frost has received much note as being evocative of Jones's life and times.[citation needed] Plaque at Georgia Tech honoring Jones Honors Jones was on the cover of Time magazine on August 31, 1925. In 1930, he received the first James E. Sullivan Award, awarded annually by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) to the most outstanding amateur athlete in the United States.[50] In 1981, the U.S. Postal Service issued an 18-cent stamp commemorating Jones.[51] Jones is considered one of the five giants of the 1920s American sports scene, along with baseball's Babe Ruth, boxing's Jack Dempsey, football's Red Grange, and tennis player Bill Tilden.[52][53][54] He is the only sports figure to receive two ticker-tape parades in New York City, the first in 1926 and the second in 1930. Jones is memorialized with a statue in Augusta, Georgia, at the Golf Gardens [55] The Bobby Jones Expressway, also known as Interstate 520, is named after him.[56] The Georgia Phi chapter house at Georgia Tech is named in his honor.[citation needed] Jones was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974.[57] A special room is dedicated to Jones's life and accomplishments at the United States Golf Association Museum and Arnold Palmer Center for Golf History in Far Hills, New Jersey.[citation needed] The USGA's sportsmanship award is named the Bob Jones Award in his honor. In 1966, the governing board and membership of Augusta National passed a resolution naming Jones President in Perpetuity.[58] He was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1964.[59] Personal Mary and Bobby Jones Jones's grave in Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery, with putting green, golf balls, and mementos Jones married Mary Rice Malone in 1924, whom he met in 1919 while a freshman at Georgia Tech. They had three children: Clara Malone, Robert Tyre III (1926–1973), and Mary Ellen (b. 1931).[60][61][62][63] When he retired from golf at age 28, he concentrated on his Atlanta law practice.[64] During World War II, Jones served as an officer in the U.S. Army Air Corps. His superiors wanted him to play exhibition golf in the United States, but Jones was insistent on serving overseas. In 1943 he was promoted to major and trained as an intelligence officer, serving in England with the 84th Fighter Wing, which was part of the Ninth Air Force. While in England, he made the acquaintance of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Landing in Normandy on June 7, 1944, Jones spent two months with a front line division as a prisoner of war interrogator, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel.[65] During the war, Jones permitted the U.S. Army to graze cattle on the grounds at Augusta National.[66] In 1948, Jones was diagnosed with syringomyelia, a fluid-filled cavity in the spinal cord that causes crippling pain, then paralysis; he was eventually restricted to a wheelchair. He died in Atlanta on December 18, 1971, three days after converting to Catholicism.[62] Jones was baptized on his deathbed by Monsignor John D. Stapleton, rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King in Atlanta, and attended by the Jones family was buried in Atlanta's historic Oakland Cemetery.[67] His widow Mary died less than four years later in 1975 at age 72, following the death of their son, Robert T. Jones III, of a heart attack in 1973 at age 47.[68] Founded in 2013, Jones Global Sports designs, develops, and sells apparel, accessories and golf equipment. The company has an exclusive, worldwide license agreement with the family of Bobby Jones (known as Jonesheirs, Inc.) for the use of the Bobby Jones name.[69] In 2019 the family of Bobby Jones partnered with the Chiari & Syringomyelia Foundation to form the Bobby Jones Chiari & Syringomyelia Foundation (Bobby Jones CSF), a nonprofit which works to raise awareness of Chiari Malformation and syringomyelia and to search for a cure.[70] The Bobby Jones Classic golf tournament is an annual fundraiser that supports research and education efforts.[71] Augusta National Golf Club, sometimes referred to as Augusta National, Augusta, or the National, is a golf club in Augusta, Georgia, United States. Unlike most private clubs which operate as non-profits,[1] Augusta National is a for-profit corporation, and it does not disclose its income, holdings, membership list, or ticket sales.[5] Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts, the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie[3] and opened for play in 1932.[5] Since 1934, the club has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four men's major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course. It was the top-ranked course in Golf Digest's 2009 list of America's 100 greatest courses[6] and was the number ten-ranked course based on course architecture on Golfweek Magazine's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States.[7] In 2019, the course began co-hosting the Augusta National Women's Amateur with Champions Retreat Golf Club.[8] History Augusta National was founded in 1932 by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the 365-acre site of a former nursery/antebellum plantation called Fruitland (later Fruitlands).[9] Jones sought to create a world-class winter golf course in his native state of Georgia. During the first decade of the club's existence, membership was low and finances were short due to the Great Depression and the relatively remote location of Augusta, forcing the duo to scrap future plans for a "ladies' course", squash and tennis courts, and various estates.[5] Its first club professional was Ed Dudley, who served in the role until 1957; Dudley was one of the top tournament professionals of his era, with 15 wins on the PGA Tour. The Masters was first held in 1934 in an attempt to attract crowds and players. Roberts persuaded Jones, then retired, to return to play in the tournament. (Jones initially was against the name Masters.)[5] In 1948, Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife Mamie were personally invited to Augusta by Roberts. Eisenhower took a liking to the club, becoming a member, and hired Roberts as his executor and financial advisor, who had a house (Eisenhower Cabin) constructed for Eisenhower on the grounds. During his presidency, Eisenhower visited Augusta National 29 times.[5] Facilities and grounds The 10th fairway and green in 2006 Augusta is renowned for its well-maintained impeccable appearance: pine needles are imported, bird sounds are played on inconspicuous speakers, and even the ponds were once dyed blue.[5] The club is famed for its azaleas and dogwoods.[1] Rules and policies imposed on employees, club members, and visitors (referred to internally as "patrons") are notoriously strict. No cell phones or other electronic devices are permitted (except in the press building—spot checks are performed elsewhere); no running or loud talking is allowed; and spectators are not allowed to cheer when a player makes a mistake.[5] Security guards enforce these rules, and are traditionally provided by Pinkerton.[5] Rule-breakers are permanently banned, if not prosecuted when possible.[1] Other notable facilities include Butler Cabin, near hole 18, "a place of staggering charmlessness and aesthetic death"[10] in a former plantation house where tournament winners are presented with a green jacket; the clubhouse, near hole 1, which dates to the 1850s and has a well-stocked wine cellar; and a practice range.[5] Three large cabins on the property are reserved for tournament sponsors—as of 2020, Mercedes-Benz, IBM, and AT&T. The club's on-site press building has television studios, a complimentary restaurant and snack options, staffed bathrooms, and leather chairs.[5] Cameras placed throughout the course are directly connected to the press building's studios via underground cables.[1] Berckmans Place Berckmans Place, sometimes called Berckmans or BP,[11] is a 90,000-sq.-ft. non-public shopping and dining complex built in 2012. It operates for one week each year, during the Masters. Entry passes for the week cost $10,000 (up from $6,000)[12] and require Augusta National's approval; there is a 10-ticket limit.[11] As in the rest of the club, neither cell phones nor photography are allowed. The price includes free dining at Berckmans' five full-service restaurants, each of which can seat hundreds of guests: Augusta's Seafood,[13] Calamity Jane's, Ike's Place, MacKenzie's Pub, and the Pavilion. Bathroom stalls are attended and cleaned after each use.[5] There is a pro shop[12] and four putting greens dubbed the "Putting Experience": three slightly smaller replicas of holes 7, 14, and 16; and a "composite course".[11][12][13] BP customers can use an exclusive parking lot and entryway (Gate 9).[11] The complex is located near hole 5.[14] Berckmans Place is named after Belgian Louis Mathieu Berckmans, whose family owned the land the club is built on from 1858 to 1910.[15] Course Layout of Augusta National Golf Club The course was formerly a plant nursery,[16] and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated. Several of the holes on the first nine have been renamed, as well as hole #11.[17] Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par 1 Tea Olive 445 4 10 Camellia 495 4 2 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 520 4 3 Flowering Peach 350 4 12 Golden Bell 155 3 4 Flowering Crab Apple 240 3 13 Azalea 545 5 5 Magnolia 495 4 14 Chinese Fir 440 4 6 Juniper 180 3 15 Firethorn 550 5 7 Pampas 450 4 16 Redbud 170 3 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 4 9 Carolina Cherry 460 4 18 Holly 465 4 Front 3,765 36 Back 3,780 36 Source:[3][18] Total 7,545 72 Masters Course Tee Rating/Slope 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Par 4 5 4 3 4 3 4 5 4 36 4 4 3 5 4 5 3 4 4 36 72 Masters 445 575 350 240 495 180 450 570 460 3765 495 520 155 545 440 550 170 440 465 3780 7545 Member 365 515 340 170 400 165 330 480 395 3160 450 400 145 455 380 475 145 370 385 3205 6365 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade: 2020: 7,475 yards (6,835 m) 2010: 7,435 yards (6,799 m) 2000: 6,985 yards (6,387 m) 1990: 6,905 yards (6,314 m) 1980: 7,040 yards (6,437 m) 1970: 6,980 yards (6,383 m) 1960: 6,980 yards (6,383 m) 1950: 6,900 yards (6,309 m) 1940: 6,800 yards (6,218 m)[3] Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US, Augusta National has never been rated. During the 1990 Masters Tournament, a team of USGA raters, organized by Golf Digest, evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2. It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1.[4] The course's greens are meticulously maintained to provide a fast and hard golfing surface.[5] This firmness is assisted by an underground irrigation and ventilation system known as the SubAir System, developed and installed in 1994[19] by course superintendent Marsh Benson.[5] SubAir soon evolved into its own company in nearby Graniteville, South Carolina, designing and installing similar automatic water suction systems in venues such as Pebble Beach, East Lake, Citi Field, and Citizens Bank Park.[1][19] The bunkers are filled not with traditional sand but with granulated quartz (known as "Spruce Pine sand" and SP55[20]) which is produced as a byproduct during work at feldspar mines in the Spruce Pine Mining District in and around Spruce Pine, North Carolina.[5] Augusta has been using Spruce Pine sand to fill its forty-four bunkers since the early 1970s, when Clifford Roberts visited Linville Golf Club in Linville, North Carolina, which used the material at the time. Since the mining company providing the sand refused payment, in exchange Roberts offered to host the company owner at Augusta at any time, and later gifted him six Masters passes.[20] The golf course architecture website GolfClubAtlas.com has said, "Augusta National has gone through more changes since its inception than any of the world's twenty or so greatest courses. To call it a MacKenzie course is false advertising as his features are essentially long gone and his routing is all that is left." The authors of the site also add that MacKenzie and Jones were heavily influenced by the Old Course at St Andrews, and intended that the ground game be central to the course. Almost from Augusta's opening, Roberts sought to make changes to minimize the ground game, and effectively got free rein to do so because MacKenzie died shortly after the course's opening and Jones went into inactivity due to World War II and then a crippling illness. The authors add that "[w]ith the ground game gone, the course was especially vulnerable to changes in technology, and this brought on a slew of changes from at least 15 different 'architects'."[21] Golf Course Histories has an aerial comparison of the architectural changes for Augusta National Golf Club for the year 1938 versus 2013.[22] Among the changes to the course were several made by architect Perry Maxwell in 1937, including an important alteration involving the current 10th hole. When Augusta National originally opened for play in January 1933, the opening hole (now the 10th) was a relatively benign par 4 that played just in excess of 400 yards. From an elevated tee, the hole required little more than a short iron or wedge for the approach. Maxwell moved the green in 1937 to its present location—on top of the hill, about 50 yards back from the old site—and transformed it into the toughest hole in Masters Tournament history. Ben Crenshaw referred to Maxwell's work on the 10th hole as "one of the great strokes in golf architecture".[23] For the 1999 tournament, a short rough was instated around the fairways. Referred to as the second cut,[5] it is substantially shorter than the comparable primary rough at other courses, with an average length of 1.625 in (4.13 cm). It is meant to reduce a player's ability to control the ball coming out of this lie, and encourage better accuracy for driving onto the fairway.[24][25] Amen Corner The second shot at the 11th, all of the 12th, and the first two shots at the 13th hole at Augusta are nicknamed "Amen Corner". This term was first used in print by author Herbert Warren Wind[5] in his April 21, 1958, Sports Illustrated article about the Masters that year.[26] In a Golf Digest article in April 1984, 26 years later, Wind told about its origin. He said he wanted a catchy phrase like baseball's "hot-corner" or American football's "coffin-corner" to explain where some of the most exciting golf had taken place (the Palmer-Venturi rules issue at twelve, over an embedded ball ruling and how it was handled,[27] in particular). Thus "Amen Corner" was born. He said it came from the title of a jazz record he had heard in the mid-1930s by a group led by Chicago's Mezz Mezzrow, Shouting in that Amen Corner.[28] In a Golf Digest article in April 2008, writer Bill Fields offered new updated information about the origin of the name. He wrote that Richard Moore, a golf and jazz historian from South Carolina, tried to purchase a copy of the old Mezzrow 78 RPM disc for an "Amen Corner" exhibit he was putting together for his Golf Museum at Ahmic Lake, Ontario. After extensive research, Moore found that the record never existed. As Moore put it, Wind, himself a jazz buff, must have "unfortunately bogeyed his mind, 26 years later". While at Yale, he was no doubt familiar with, and meant all along, the popular version of the song (with the correct title, "Shoutin' in that Amen Corner" written by Andy Razaf), which was recorded by the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra, vocal by Mildred Bailey (Brunswick label No. 6655) in 1935. Moore told Fields that, being a great admirer of Wind's work over the years, he was reluctant, for months, to come forth with his discovery that contradicted Wind's memory. Moore's discovery was first reported in Golf World magazine in 2007, before Fields' longer article in Golf Digest in 2008. In 1958, Arnold Palmer outlasted Ken Venturi to win the tournament with heroic escapes at Amen Corner. Amen Corner also played host to Masters moments such as Byron Nelson's birdie-eagle at 12 and 13 in 1937, and Sam Snead's water save at 12 in 1949 that sparked him to victory. On the flip side of fate, Jordan Spieth's quadruple bogey on 12 during Sunday's final round in 2016 cost him his 2-stroke lead and ultimately the championship. "The Big Oak Tree" "The Big Oak Tree" is on the golf course side of the clubhouse and was planted in the 1850s.[29] Eisenhower Tree Main article: Eisenhower Tree Eisenhower Tree in 2011 Also known as the "Eisenhower Pine", a loblolly pine was located on the 17th hole, about 210 yards (190 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down.[30] Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. In February 2014, the Eisenhower Tree was removed after suffering extensive damage during an ice storm.[31] Ike's Pond During a visit to Augusta National, then-General Eisenhower returned from a walk through the woods on the eastern part of the grounds, and informed Clifford Roberts that he had found a perfect place to build a dam if the club would like a fish pond. Ike's Pond was built for Eisenhower to fish in and named after him; the dam is located just where Eisenhower said it should be.[32] Roberts died of suicide next to Ike's Pond on September 29, 1977.[5][33] Rae's Creek Rae's Creek cuts across the southeastern corner of the Augusta National property. Rae's Creek runs in front of No. 12 green, has a tributary evident at No. 13 tee, and flows at the back of No. 11 green. This is the lowest point in elevation of the course. The Hogan and Nelson Bridges cross the creek after the 12th and 13th tee boxes, respectively. The creek was named after former property owner John Rae, who died in 1789.[34] It was Rae's house which was the farthest fortress up the Savannah River from Fort Augusta. The house kept residents safe during Indian attacks when the fort was out of reach. Real estate Over the decades, Augusta National has bought and redeveloped nearby land. From 1999 to 2019, the club spent about $200 million to buy 100 separate properties totaling over 270 acres, some more than a mile distant from the club proper.[14] Most purchases are arranged via LLCs connected to Augusta National in order to obfuscate the transaction's details.[35] More than a dozen of these LLCs are known to exist, and up to five may be involved in a single purchase.[35] Augusta National ultimately purchases each LLC, acquiring its land holdings and keeping the real estate price away from public records.[14] Non-disclosure agreements are also commonly employed.[14] Augusta National has acquired, demolished, and redeveloped entire strip centers and residential blocks.[36] The organization helped finance a project to re-route Berckmans Road.[35] The club also built a large tunnel underneath Washington Road connecting to a Global Communication Center that was first used in the 2021 Masters Tournament. The tunnel was built without ever impeding traffic on Washington Rd above, and is large enough for an 18 wheeler to drive through.[14] Because Augusta National has spent so much to acquire land, homeowners in Richmond County have had to apply for special property tax assessments in order to negate the effects of the club's activities.[14] Investors have also begun to purchase property and condos next to Augusta National.[35] Membership Augusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time. Membership is strictly by invitation: there is no application process. In 2004, USA Today published a list of all the current members.[37] Membership is believed to cost between $100,000 and $300,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2020 to be less than $30,000 per year.[38] Club members are sometimes referred to as "green jackets".[5] For decades, the club barred membership to African Americans. "As long as I'm alive," said co-founder Roberts, who subsequently served as the club's chairman, "all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black."[39] Augusta invited and accepted its first African-American member, television executive Ron Townsend,[40] in 1990 after Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club,[41] an all-white golf club in Alabama, refused membership to African-Americans. The club also faced demands that the PGA Championship not be held there because of racist comments by the club's founder.[42] In his 2012 pre-Masters press conference, Chairman Billy Payne declined to discuss the club's refusal to admit women.[43][44] He defended the club's position by noting that in 2011, more than 15% of the non-tournament rounds were played by women who were guests or spouses of active members.[43] However, on August 20, 2012, Augusta National admitted its first two female members: Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore.[45][46] Notable members Notable current members include: Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway[37][47] Pete Coors, former chairman and CEO of Coors Brewing Company and Molson Coors Brewing Company[37] David Farr, chairman and CEO of Emerson Electric Company Bill Gates, co-founder and chairman of Microsoft[1][47] Lou Gerstner, former IBM executive[1] Roger Goodell, commissioner of the National Football League[5][48] Pat Haden, former NFL player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California[49] Lou Holtz, former college football coach[37] Rob Manfred, Commissioner of Major League Baseball[50] Peyton Manning, former NFL player[51] Hugh L. McColl Jr., former CEO of Bank of America[47] Darla Moore, South Carolina businesswoman[45] Jack Nicklaus, Hall of Fame golfer, six-time Masters champion, and the only Masters champion who is currently a regular member of the club[52] Sam Nunn, former United States Senator from Georgia[5][37][47] Sam Palmisano, former CEO of IBM[37][47] Condoleezza Rice, former United States Secretary of State[45] James D. Robinson III, former CEO of American Express[47] Ginni Rometty, chair, president, and CEO of IBM Matt Rose, former CEO of BNSF Railway Lynn Swann, former NFL player[53] Rex Tillerson, former United States Secretary of State, former chairman and CEO of ExxonMobil[5] Toby S. Wilt, TSW Investments[54] Deceased members include: Frank Broyles, college football coach and athletic director at the University of Arkansas[55] Dwight D. Eisenhower[5] Freeman Gosden, radio performer and comedian[5] Melvin Laird, United States Secretary of Defense Arnold Palmer, World Golf Hall of Fame member and four-time Masters champion, was also a regular member of the club[52] Robert Sumner, pastor and author T. Boone Pickens, Jr., oil tycoon[37][47] Jack Welch, CEO of General Electric[1][56] Jock Whitney, ambassador and philanthropist who helped finance the film Gone with the Wind[5] Robert W. Woodruff, president of The Coca-Cola Company and philanthropist[5] W. Thomas Rice, major general, railroad executive and co-founder of CSX[57] Chairmen Clifford Roberts (1931–1976) William Lane (1976–1980) Hord Hardin (1980–1991) Jackson T. Stephens (1991–1998) Hootie Johnson (1998–2006) Billy Payne (2006–2017) Fred Ridley (2017–present)[5] Chairmen serve for an indefinite amount of time. The chairman is the only person officially authorized to publicly discuss the Masters.[5] In 1966, the governing board of Augusta National passed a resolution honoring founder Bobby Jones with the position of President in Perpetuity. 2002 membership controversy Augusta National and its then-Chairman Hootie Johnson are widely known for their disagreement, beginning in 2002, with Martha Burk, then chair of the Washington-based National Council of Women's Organizations; the dispute arose over Augusta National's refusal to admit female members to the club.[58] Burk said she found out about the club's policies in a USA Today column by Christine Brennan published April 11, 2002. She then wrote a private letter to Johnson, saying that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male-only club constituted sexism.[59] Johnson characterized Burk's approach as "offensive and coercive".[60][61] The club hired consulting firm WomanTrend which ran a survey and found that "Augusta National's membership policies were not topmost on the list of women's concerns"; the poll was called "unethical" by Burk.[62] Responding to efforts to link the issue to sexism and civil rights,[60] Johnson maintained that the issue had to do with the rights of any private club:[60][63] Our membership is single gender just as many other organizations and clubs all across America. These would include Junior Leagues, sororities, fraternities, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and countless others. And we all have a moral and legal right to organize our clubs the way we wish.[64] Burk, whose childhood nickname was also Hootie,[65] claimed to have been "called a man hater, anti-family, lesbian, all the usual things."[59] Johnson was portrayed as a Senator Claghorn type[66]—"a blustery defender of all things Southern".[66] Following the discord, two club members resigned: Thomas H. Wyman, a former CEO of CBS, and John Snow, when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury.[59] Pressure on corporate sponsors led the club to broadcast the 2003 and 2004 tournaments without commercials. The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a "sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play".[67] Augusta National extended membership to Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore on August 20, 2012.[45] In 2018, chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would establish the Augusta National Women's Amateur Championship in 2019, a 54-hole event for the world's top amateur players.[68] Green jacket Every member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club's logo on the left breast. Members are required to wear them during the tournament, and the jackets are not allowed to be removed from the grounds.[5] The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts. Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members. Since Sam Snead's victory in 1949, the winner of each year's Masters Tournament has received a green jacket, although he does not receive membership. The jacket is presented to the new winner by the winner of the previous tournament. If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments, then the current chairman acts as the presenter. Until 1967, the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati, Ohio, with the imp wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin, Georgia.[69] The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National, and only for a period of one year. Before this time limit was in place, the jacket of a few long-past Masters champions had been sold, after their deaths, to collectors. Consequently, the members of Augusta National have gone to great lengths to secure the remaining examples. Now, two jackets remain outside the grounds of Augusta National with the club's permission. When Gary Player first won the Masters in 1961, he brought his jacket home to South Africa. For years the board insisted that Player return the jacket but Player kept "forgetting" or coming up with humorous creative excuses why he did not return the jacket. After becoming something of a running joke, Augusta National's members allowed him to keep it, where it is on display in his personal museum. The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard. Before the traditions were well established, the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National. It is now currently on display in the "Picard Lounge" at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio. Along with Snead, the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949, and these became known as the "original ten" jackets.[70] Horton Smith's jacket, awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936, sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000; the highest price ever paid for a piece of golf memorabilia.[71][72] Smith died at age 55 in 1963 and it had been in the possession of his brother Ren's stepsons for decades.[70] The trademarked green shade is specified as Pantone 342.[73] Caddies Augusta National employs a staff of caddies to assist members, guests, and professionals. Augusta's caddie staff wears trademark white jumpsuits year-round. Before 1983,[74] staff caddies were assigned to players at the Masters.[75] All four majors and some tour events required the use of the host club's caddies well into the 1970s[76][77][78]—the U.S. Open had this policy through 1975[79][80]—but by 1980, only the Masters and the Western Open near Chicago retained the requirement.[81] Well-known caddies during this time period include Nathaniel "Iron Man" Avery, Carl Jackson, and Willie "Pappy" Stokes. More unusually, Augusta employed only black men as caddies. Club co-founder Clifford Roberts once said, "As long as I'm alive, all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black."[82] Roberts killed himself at Augusta in 1977; five years later, in November 1982, chairman Hord Hardin announced that players were henceforth permitted to use their regular caddies at the Masters.[83] The announcement arrived seven months after the 1982 tournament, during which many caddies, confused by a Thursday rain delay, failed to show up at the proper time on Friday morning;[84] Hardin received scathing complaint letters from two-time champion Tom Watson and others.[85][86] In 1983, 12 players employed club caddies, including then-five-time champion Jack Nicklaus, defending champion Craig Stadler, and future two-time champion Ben Crenshaw.[86][87] The first female caddie at Augusta was George Archer's daughter Elizabeth in 1983, her 21st event carrying the bag for her father.[86][88] Archer, the 1969 champion, tied for twelfth, one of his better finishes at Augusta. Today, female caddies remain rare at Augusta and on the PGA Tour; most of the women caddies are professional golfers' regular caddies, such as Fanny Sunesson, who has caddied for several players at the Masters, most notably three-time champion Nick Faldo, and in 2019, Henrik Stenson.[89] During the pre-tournament events in 2007, Golf Channel's Kelly Tilghman caddied for Arnold Palmer in the par-3 contest. Fuzzy Zoeller's daughter Gretchen was his caddie for his last year as a competitor in the tournament in 2009. Tennis pro Caroline Wozniacki, then-fiancée of Rory McIlroy, caddied for him in the par-3 contests of 2013 and 2014. The Masters Tournament (usually referred to as simply the Masters, or as the U.S. Masters outside North America)[2][3] is one of the four men's major golf championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week in April, the Masters is the first major golf tournament of the year. Unlike the other major tournaments, the Masters is always held at the same location: Augusta National Golf Club, a private course in the city of Augusta, Georgia. Amateur golf champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts founded the Masters Tournament.[4] After his grand slam in 1930, Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie.[1] First played in 1934, the Masters is an official money event on the PGA Tour, the European Tour, and the Japan Golf Tour. The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, held by the Augusta National Golf Club. The tournament has a number of traditions. Since the 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion, who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory, although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom. In most instances, only a first-time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds. A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket.[5] The Champions Dinner, inaugurated by Ben Hogan at the 1952 Masters Tournament, is held on the Tuesday before each Masters and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club. Beginning in 1963, legendary golfers, usually past champions, have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play. These have included Fred McLeod, Jock Hutchinson, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Byron Nelson, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Elder, and Tom Watson. Since 1960, a semi-social contest on the par-3 course has been played on Wednesday, the day before the first round. Nicklaus has the most Masters wins, with six between 1963 and 1986. Tiger Woods won five between 1997 and 2019. Palmer won four between 1958 and 1964. Five have won three titles at Augusta: Jimmy Demaret, Sam Snead, Gary Player, Nick Faldo, and Phil Mickelson. Player, from South Africa, was the first non-American player to win the tournament, in 1961; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain, the champion in 1980 and 1983. The Augusta National course first opened in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects. Among the changes: greens have been reshaped and, on occasion, entirely re-designed, bunkers have been added, water hazards have been extended, new tee boxes have been built, hundreds of trees have been planted, and several mounds have been installed.[6] History Masters logo at the club entrance Augusta National Golf Club Main article: Augusta National Golf Club The idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones, who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game. He sought advice from Clifford Roberts, who later became the chairman of the club. They came across a piece of land in Augusta, Georgia, of which Jones said: "Perfect! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it."[7] The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857.[8] Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course, and work began in 1931. The course formally opened in 1933, but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played.[9] Early tournament years The first "Augusta National Invitation Tournament", as the Masters was originally known, began on March 22, 1934, and was won by Horton Smith, who took the first prize of $1,500. The present name was adopted in 1939. The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine, and 1 through 9 as the second nine[10] then reversed permanently to its present layout for the 1935 tournament.[4] Initially the Augusta National Invitation field was composed of Bobby Jones' close associates. Jones had petitioned the USGA to hold the U.S. Open at Augusta but the USGA denied the petition, noting that the hot Georgia summers would create difficult playing conditions.[11] Gene Sarazen hit the "shot heard 'round the world" in 1935, holing a shot from the fairway on the par 5 15th for a double eagle (albatross).[12] This tied Sarazen with Craig Wood, and in the ensuing 36-hole playoff, Sarazen was the victor by five strokes.[13] Byron Nelson won the first of two Masters titles in 1937. Jimmy Demaret won three times as did Sam Snead in the 1940s and 1950s. Ben Hogan won the 1951 and 1953 Masters and was runner-up on four occasions. In 1940, Clifford Roberts, chairmain of the Masters, stated that the Masters was one of the top tournaments in the United States, if not the biggest. He stated, "I am told that the Masters has outdistanced in attendance both the U.S. Amateur and the PGA."[14] The tournament was not played from 1943 to 1945, due to World War II. To assist the war effort, cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds.[4] 1960s–1970s The Big Three of Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978, winning the event 11 times between them during that span. After winning by one stroke in 1958,[13] Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances. Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event, Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail. Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964.[13] Jack Nicklaus at the 2006 par 3 contest Nicklaus emerged in the early 1960s and served as a rival to the popular Palmer. Nicklaus won his first green jacket in 1963, defeating Tony Lema by one stroke.[15] Two years later, he shot a then-course record of 271 (17 under par) for his second Masters win, leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played "a game with which I am not familiar."[16] The next year, Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18-hole playoff against Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer.[17] This made Nicklaus the first player to win consecutive Masters. He won again in 1972 by three strokes.[13] In 1975, Nicklaus won by one stroke in a close contest with Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in one of the most exciting Masters to date.[18] Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961, beating Palmer, the defending champion, by one stroke when Palmer double-bogeyed the final hole.[13] In 1974, he won again by two strokes.[13] After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years, and at the age of 42, Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players.[13] Player currently shares (with Fred Couples and Tiger Woods) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts, and has played in a record 52 Masters.[19][20] A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968. Argentine champion Roberto De Vicenzo signed his scorecard (attested by playing partner Tommy Aaron) incorrectly recording him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round. According to the rules of golf, if a player signs a scorecard (thereby attesting to its veracity) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole, the player receives the higher score for that hole. This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18-hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby, who won the green jacket. De Vicenzo's mistake led to the famous quote, "What a stupid I am."[13][21] In 1975, Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters,[22] doing so 15 years before Augusta National admitted its first black member, Ron Townsend, as a result of the Shoal Creek Controversy.[23] 1980s–2000s Non-Americans collected 11 victories in 20 years in the 1980s and 1990s, by far the strongest run they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S. Open. The first European to win the Masters was Seve Ballesteros in 1980. Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46.[13][24] During this period, no golfer suffered more disappointment at the Masters than Greg Norman. In his first appearance at Augusta in 1981, he led during the second nine but ended up finishing fourth. In 1986, after birdieing holes 14 through 17 to tie Nicklaus for the lead, he badly pushed his 4-iron approach on 18 into the patrons surrounding the green and missed his par putt for a closing bogey. In 1987, Norman lost a sudden-death playoff when Larry Mize holed out a remarkable 45-yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole. Mize thus became the first Augusta native to win the Masters.[25] In 1996, Norman tied the course record with an opening-round 63 and had a six-stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round. However, he stumbled to a closing 78 while Faldo, his playing partner that day, carded a 67 to win by five shots for his third Masters championship.[26] Norman also led the 1999 Masters on the second nine of the final round, only to falter again and finish third behind winner José María Olazábal, who won his second green jacket. Norman finished in the top five at the Masters eight times, but never won. Two-time champion Ben Crenshaw captured an emotional Masters win in 1995, just days after the death of his lifelong teacher and mentor Harvey Penick. After making his final putt to win, he broke down sobbing at the hole and was consoled and embraced by his caddie. In the post-tournament interview, Crenshaw said: "I had a 15th club in my bag," a reference to Penick. (The "15th club" reference is based on the golf rule that limits a player to carrying 14 clubs during a round.) Crenshaw first won at Augusta in 1984. In 1997, 21-year-old Tiger Woods became the youngest champion in Masters history, winning by 12 shots with an 18-under par 270 which broke the 72-hole record that had stood for 32 years.[4] In 2001, Woods completed his "Tiger Slam" by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters by two shots over David Duval.[13] He won again the following year, making him only the third player in history (after Nicklaus and Faldo) to win the tournament in consecutive years,[13] as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years.[13] In 2003, the Augusta National Golf Club was targeted by Martha Burk, who organized a failed protest at that year's Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members. Burk planned to protest at the front gates of Augusta National during the third day of the tournament, but her application for a permit to do so was denied.[27] A court appeal was dismissed.[28] In 2004, Burk stated that she had no further plans to protest against the club.[29] The club admitted its first two women members, Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore, in 2012. Augusta National chairman Billy Payne himself made headlines in April 2010 when he commented at the annual pre-Masters press conference on Tiger Woods' off-the-course behavior. "It's not simply the degree of his conduct that is so egregious here," Payne said, in his opening speech. "It is the fact he disappointed all of us and more importantly our kids and grandkids."[30][31][32] In 2003, Mike Weir became the first Canadian to win a men's major championship and the first left-hander to win the Masters when he defeated Len Mattiace in a playoff.[13] The following year another left-hander, Phil Mickelson, won his first major championship by making a birdie on the final hole to beat Ernie Els by a stroke.[13] Mickelson also won the tournament in 2006 and 2010. In 2011, unheralded South African Charl Schwartzel birdied the final four holes to win by two strokes. In 2012, Bubba Watson won the tournament on the second playoff hole over Louis Oosthuizen. In 2013 Adam Scott won the Masters in a playoff over 2009 champion Ángel Cabrera, making him the first Australian to win the tournament.[33] Watson won the 2014 Masters by three strokes over Jordan Spieth and Jonas Blixt, his second Masters title in three years and the sixth for a left-hander in 12 years. In 2015, Spieth would become the second-youngest winner (behind Woods) in just his second Masters, equaling Woods' 72-hole scoring record.[34] In 2017, Sergio García beat Justin Rose in a playoff for his long-awaited first major title. In 2019, Tiger Woods captured his fifth Masters, his first win at Augusta National in 14 years and his first major title since 2008. The 2020 Masters Tournament, originally scheduled to be played April 9–12, was postponed until November due to the ongoing coronavirus outbreak.[35] Dustin Johnson won the tournament by five strokes. Traditions Awards The total prize money for the 2021 Masters Tournament was $11,500,000, with $2,070,000 going to the winner. In the inaugural year of 1934, the winner Horton Smith received $1,500 out of a $5,000 purse.[36] After Nicklaus's first win in 1963, he received $20,000, while after his final victory in 1986 he won $144,000.[37][38] In recent years the purse has grown quickly. Between 2001 and 2014, the winner's share grew by $612,000, and the purse grew by $3,400,000.[39][36][40] Green jacket Further information: Augusta National Golf Club § Green jacket In addition to a cash prize, the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket, formally awarded since 1949 and informally awarded to the champions from the years prior. The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club. The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament in a televised ceremony, and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the patrons. Winners keep their jacket for the year after their victory, then return it to the club to wear whenever they are present on the club grounds. Sam Snead was the first Masters champion to be awarded the green jacket after he took his first Masters title in 1949. The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from the Augusta National grounds by the reigning champion, after which it must remain at the club. Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player, who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory (although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket);[41] Seve Ballesteros who, in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña, showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room; and Henry Picard, whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established, remained in his closet for a number of years, and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio, where he was the club professional for many years.[42][43] By tradition, the winner of the previous year's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament. In 1966, Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself.[17] When Nick Faldo (in 1990) and Tiger Woods (in 2002) repeated as champions, the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them. In addition to the green jacket, winners of the tournament receive a gold medal. In 2017, a green jacket that was found at a thrift store in 1994 was sold at auction for $139,000.[44] There are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament. The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase, while players who score a hole-in-one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl.[45] For each eagle a player makes, they receive a pair of crystal goblets. Trophies Winners also have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy. The runner-up receives a silver medal, introduced in 1951. Beginning in 1978, a silver salver was added as an award for the runner-up.[4] In 1952, the Masters began presenting an award, known as the Silver Cup, to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut. In 1954, they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner-up.[4] The original trophy weighs over 130 pounds and sits on a four-foot-wide base. It resides permanently at Augusta National and depicts the clubhouse of the classic course. The replica, which is significantly smaller, stands just 6.5 inches tall and weighs 20 pounds. The champion and the runner-up both have their names engraved on the permanent trophy, solidifying themselves in golf history.[46] The Double Eagle trophy was introduced in 1967 when Bruce Devlin holed out for double eagle on number 8. He was only the second to do so, and the first in 32 years, following Gene Sarazen on hole 15 in 1932. The trophy is a large crystal bowl with "Masters Tournament" engraved around the top.[47] Pre-tournament events In 2013, Augusta National partnered with the USGA and the PGA of America to establish Drive, Chip and Putt, a youth golf skills competition which was first held in 2014. The event was established as part of an effort to help promote the sport of golf among youth; the winners of local qualifiers in different age groups advance to the national finals, which have been held at Augusta National on the Sunday immediately preceding the Masters. The driving and chipping portions of the event are held on the course's practice range, and the putting portion has been played on the 18th hole.[48][49][50] On April 4, 2018, prior to the 2018 tournament, new Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would host the Augusta National Women's Amateur beginning in 2019. The first two rounds will be held at the Champion's Retreat club in Evans, Georgia, with the final two rounds hosted by Augusta National (the final round will take place on the Saturday directly preceding the tournament). Ridley stated that holding such an event at Augusta National would have the "greatest impact" on women's golf. Although concerns were raised that the event would conflict with the LPGA Tour's ANA Inspiration (which has invited top amateur players to compete), Ridley stated that he had discussed the event with commissioner Mike Whan, and stated that he agreed on the notion that any move to bolster the prominence of women's golf would be a "win" for the LPGA over time. The winner of the Augusta National Women's Amateur is exempt from two women's golf majors.[51][52] Par-3 contest Main article: Masters Tournament Par-3 contest The 9th hole on the par 3 course The Par-3 contest was first introduced in 1960, and was won that year by Snead. Since then it has traditionally been played on the Wednesday before the tournament starts. The par 3 course was built in 1958. It is a nine-hole course, with a par of 27, and measures 1,060 yards (970 m) in length.[53] There have been 94 holes-in-one in the history of the contest, with a record nine occurring in 2016, during which Rickie Fowler and Justin Thomas scored back-to-back holes in one on the 4th hole, while playing in a group with reigning champion Jordan Spieth. [54] [55] Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes-in-one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest. This achievement was duplicated by Séamus Power, who scored back-to-back holes in one on holes 8 and 9 during the 2023 par 3 contest. [56] No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year.[57][58] There have been several repeat winners, including Pádraig Harrington, Sandy Lyle, Sam Snead, and Tom Watson. The former two won in successive years. In this event, golfers may use their children as caddies, which helps to create a family-friendly atmosphere. In 2008, the event was televised for the first time by ESPN. The winner of the par 3 competition, which is played the day before the tournament begins, wins a crystal bowl.[59] Player invitations As with the other majors, winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure. Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and the PGA Championship) for the next five years (except for amateur winners, unless they turn pro within the five-year period), and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters. They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years.[60] Because the tournament was established by an amateur champion, Bobby Jones, the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf. It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world. Also, the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament. Amateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the "Crow's Nest" atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament. The Crow's Nest is 1,200 square feet (110 m2) with lodging space for five during the competition. Opening tee shot Since 1963, the custom in most years has been to start the tournament with an honorary opening tee shot at the first hole, typically by one or more legendary players. For a number of years before 1963, Jock Hutchison and Fred McLeod had been the first pair to tee off, both being able to play as past major championship winners. However, in 1963 the eligibility rules were changed and they were no longer able to compete. The idea of honorary starters was introduced with Hutchison and McLeod being the first two. This twosome led off every tournament from 1963 until 1973 when poor health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club. McLeod continued on until his death in 1976. Byron Nelson and Gene Sarazen started in 1981 and were then joined by Sam Snead in 1984. This trio continued until 1999 when Sarazen died, while Nelson stopped in 2001. Snead hit his final opening tee shot in 2002, a little over a month before he died. In 2007, Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter. Palmer also had the honor in 2008 and 2009.[61] At the 2010 and 2011 Masters Tournaments, Jack Nicklaus joined Palmer as an honorary co-starter for the event.[62] In 2012, Gary Player joined them. Palmer announced in March 2016 that a lingering shoulder issue would prevent him from partaking in the 2016 tee shot.[63] Palmer was still in attendance for the ceremony.[64] Following Palmer's death in 2016, the 2017 ceremony featured tributes; his green jacket was draped over an empty white chair, while everyone in attendance wore "Arnie's Army" badges.[65][66] In 2021 Lee Elder joined Nicklaus and Player as an honorary starter. He was invited to join them as he was the first African-American to take part in the Masters in 1975. Despite bad health preventing Elder from hitting a shot, he was still present and received a standing ovation from the crowd. Two-time Masters champion Tom Watson joined Nicklaus and Player, starting in 2022.[67] Champions' Dinner The Champions' Dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday's first round. The dinner was first held in 1952, hosted by defending champion Ben Hogan, to honor the past champions of the tournament.[68] At that time 15 tournaments had been played, and the number of past champions was 11. Officially known as the "Masters Club", it includes only past winners of the Masters, although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members, usually the chairman. The defending champion, as host, selects the menu for the dinner. Frequently, Masters champions have served cuisine from their home regions prepared by the Masters chef. Notable examples have included haggis, served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989,[69] and bobotie, a South African dish, served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman. Other examples include German Bernhard Langer's 1986 Wiener schnitzel, Britain's Nick Faldo's fish and chips, Canadian Mike Weir's elk and wild boar, and Vijay Singh's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry. The 2011 dinner of Phil Mickelson was a Spanish-themed menu in hopes that Seve Ballesteros would attend, but he was too sick to attend and died weeks later.[70] In 1998, Tiger Woods served cheeseburgers, chicken sandwiches, french fries and milkshakes. Woods was the youngest winner, and when asked about his food choices, he responded with "They said you could pick anything you want... Hey, it's part of being young, that's what I eat."[71] Fuzzy Zoeller, the 1979 champion, created a media storm when he suggested that Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken, dishes commonly associated with African-American culture. Caddies Until 1983, all players in the Masters were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club caddie,[72][73][74] who by club tradition was always an African-American man.[23] Club co-founder Clifford Roberts is reputed to have said, "As long as I'm alive, golfers will be white, and caddies will be black."[75] Since 1983—six years after Roberts's death in 1977—players have been allowed the option of bringing their own caddie to the tournament. The Masters requires caddies to wear a uniform consisting of a white jumpsuit, a green Masters cap, and white tennis shoes. The surname, and sometimes first initial, of each player is found on the back of his caddie's uniform. The defending champion always receives caddie number "1": other golfers get their caddie numbers from the order in which they register for the tournament. The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s;[76][77][78] the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976.[79][80] Format The Masters is the first major championship of the year. Since 1948, its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April, with several exceptions. It ended on the first Sunday four times (1952, 1957, 1958, 1959) and the 1979 and 1984 tournaments ended on April 15, the month's third Sunday.[4] The first edition in 1934 was held in late March and the next ten were in early April, with only the 1942 event scheduled to end on the second Sunday. The 2020 event, postponed by the COVID-19 pandemic, was held from November 12 to 15, thus being the last major of the year. Similar to the other majors, the tournament consists of four rounds at 18 holes each, Thursday through Sunday (when there are no delays). The Masters has a relatively small field of contenders when compared with other golf tournaments, so the competitors play in groups of three for the first two rounds (36 holes) and the field is not split to start on the 1st and 10th tees unless weather shortens the available playing time. The tournament is unique in that it is the only major tournament conducted by a private club rather than a national golf organization like the PGA.[6] Originally, the Masters was the only tournament to use two-man pairings during the first two rounds. It was also the only event to re-pair based on the leaderboard before Friday's round, as most tournaments only do this on the weekend. This practice ended in the early 2000s when the Masters switched to the more standard three-man groups and the groups are now kept intact on Friday, with players sharing the same playing partners in both of the first two rounds.[citation needed] After 36 holes of play, a cut-off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds. In 2020, to "make the cut", players must be in the top 50 places (ties counting).[81] Before 1957, there was no 36-hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds, if desired. From 1957 to 1961, the top 40 scores (including ties) made the cut. From 1962 to 2012, it was the top 44 (and ties) or within 10 strokes of the lead.[20] From 2013 to 2019, it was the top 50 (and ties) or within 10 strokes of the lead.[82] Following the cut, an additional 36 holes are played over the final two days. Should the fourth round fail to produce a winner, all players tied for the lead enter a sudden-death playoff. Play begins on the 18th hole, followed by the adjacent 10th, repeating until one player remains. Adopted in 1976, the sudden-death playoff was originally formatted to start on the first hole,[83] but was not needed for the first three years. It was changed for 1979 to the inward (final) nine holes, starting at the tenth tee, where the television coverage began.[84] First employed that same year, the Masters' first sudden-death playoff, won by Fuzzy Zoeller, ended on the 11th green. The current arrangement, beginning at the 18th tee, was amended for 2004 and first used the following year. Through 2017, the eleven sudden-death playoffs have yet to advance past the second extra hole. Earlier playoffs were 18 holes on the following day, except for the first in 1935, which was 36 holes (Gene Sarazen defeated Craig Wood); the last 18-hole playoff was in 1970 when Billy Casper defeated Gene Littler, and none of the full-round playoffs went to additional holes. Course The golf course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated.[8] The course layout in 2023: Layout of Augusta National Golf Club Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par 1 Tea Olive 445 4 10 Camellia 495 4 2 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 520 4 3 Flowering Peach 350 4 12 Golden Bell 155 3 4 Flowering Crab Apple 240 3 13 Azalea 545 5 5 Magnolia 495 4 14 Chinese Fir 440 4 6 Juniper 180 3 15 Firethorn 550 5 7 Pampas 450 4 16 Redbud 170 3 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 4 9 Carolina Cherry 460 4 18 Holly 465 4 Out 3,765 36 In 3,780 36 Source:[1][85] Total 7,545 72 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade: 2022: 7,510 yards (6,870 m) 2020: 7,475 yards (6,835 m) 2010: 7,435 yards (6,799 m) 2000: 6,985 yards (6,387 m) 1990: 6,905 yards (6,314 m) 1980: 7,040 yards (6,437 m) 1970: 6,980 yards (6,383 m) 1960: 6,980 yards (6,383 m) 1950: 6,900 yards (6,309 m) 1940: 6,800 yards (6,218 m)[1] Course adjustments As with many other courses, Augusta National's championship setup was lengthened in recent years. In 2001, the course measured 6,925 yards (6,332 m) and was extended to 7,270 yards (6,648 m) for 2002, and again in 2006 to 7,445 yards (6,808 m); 520 yards (475 m) longer than the 2001 course.[86][87] The changes attracted many critics, including the most successful players in Masters history, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player and Tiger Woods. Woods claimed that the "shorter hitters are going to struggle". Augusta National chairman Hootie Johnson was unperturbed, stating, "We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course." After a practice round, Gary Player defended the changes, saying, "There have been a lot of criticisms, but I think unjustly so, now I've played it.... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit (in his prime)".[88] The first hole was shortened by 10 yards (9 m) for the 2009 Masters Tournament. For the 2019 Masters Tournament, the fifth hole was lengthened by 40 yards (37 m) from 455 yards to 495 yards, with two new gaping bunkers on the left side of the fairway.[89] The current length of the course is 7,475 yards (6,835 m). Originally, the grass on the putting greens was wide-bladed Bermuda. The greens lost speed, especially during the late 1970s, after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow-bladed Bermuda, which thrived and grew thicker. In 1978, the greens on the par 3 course were reconstructed with bentgrass, a narrow-bladed species that could be mowed shorter, eliminating grain.[90] After this test run, the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the 1981 Masters. The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces, which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time.[90] Just before the 1975 tournament, the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now-signature white feldspar. It is a quartz derivative of the mining of feldspar and is shipped in from North Carolina.[91] Field The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships, with 85–100 players. Unlike other majors, there are no alternates or qualifying tournaments. It is an invitational event, with invitations largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria. The top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking are all invited.[92] Past champions are always eligible, but since 2002 the Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age. Some will later become honorary starters.[93] Invitation categories (from 2024) See footnote.[94] Note: Categories 7–12 are honored only if the participants maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament. Masters Tournament Champions (lifetime) U.S. Open champions (five years) The Open champions (five years) PGA champions (five years) Winners of the Players Championship (three years) Current Olympic Gold Medalist (one year) Current U.S. Amateur champion and runner-up Current British Amateur champion Current Asia-Pacific Amateur champion Current Latin America Amateur champion Current U.S. Mid-Amateur champion Current NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship individual champion The first 12 players, including ties, in the previous year's Masters Tournament The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year's U.S. Open The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year's Open Championship The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year's PGA Championship Winners of PGA Tour events that award at least a full-point allocation for the FedEx Cup, from one Masters Tournament to the next Those qualifying and eligible for the previous year's season-ending Tour Championship (top 30 in FedEx Cup prior to tournament) The 50 leaders on the final Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation. The Masters Committee, at its discretion, can also invite any golfer not otherwise qualified, although in practice these invitations are mostly reserved for international players.[95] Changes since 2014 Changes for the 2014 tournament include invitations now being awarded to the autumn events in the PGA Tour, which now begin the wraparound season, tightening of qualifications (top 12 plus ties from the Masters, top 4 from the U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and the top 30 on the PGA Tour now referencing the season-ending points before the Tour Championship, not the former annual money list.[82] The 2015 Masters added the winner of the newly established Latin America Amateur Championship, which effectively replaced the exemption for the U.S. Amateur Public Links, which ended after the 2014 tournament. (The final Public Links champion played in the 2015 Masters.)[96] Prior to the start of the 2023 Masters Tournament, several changes to the criteria were announced to come into effect from 2024. An additional criterion was added for amateur golfers, for the reigning individual champion of the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship,[97] and PGA Tour criteria were modified to account for scheduling changes (previously only regular season and playoff events were included) and to clarify that players must remain eligible for the Tour Championship.[98][99] Most wins The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934, and he repeated in 1936. The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus, who won six times between 1963 and 1986. Tiger Woods has five wins, followed by Arnold Palmer with four, and Jimmy Demaret, Gary Player, Sam Snead, Nick Faldo, and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name. Player was the tournament's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961. Two-time champions include Byron Nelson, Ben Hogan, Tom Watson, Seve Ballesteros, Bernhard Langer, Ben Crenshaw, José María Olazábal, and Bubba Watson.[100] Winners Main article: List of Masters Tournament champions Year Winner Score To par Margin of victory Runner(s)-up Winner's share ($) 2023 Spain Jon Rahm 276 −12 4 strokes United States Brooks Koepka United States Phil Mickelson 3,240,000 2022 United States Scottie Scheffler 278 −10 3 strokes Northern Ireland Rory McIlroy 2,700,000 2021 Japan Hideki Matsuyama 278 −10 1 stroke United States Will Zalatoris 2,070,000 2020 United States Dustin Johnson 268 −20 5 strokes South Korea Im Sung-jae Australia Cameron Smith 2,070,000 2019 United States Tiger Woods (5) 275 −13 1 stroke United States Dustin Johnson United States Brooks Koepka United States Xander Schauffele 2,070,000 2018 United States Patrick Reed 273 −15 1 stroke United States Rickie Fowler 1,980,000 2017 Spain Sergio García 279 −9 Playoff England Justin Rose 1,980,000 2016 England Danny Willett 283 −5 3 strokes United States Jordan Spieth England Lee Westwood 1,800,000 2015 United States Jordan Spieth 270 −18 4 strokes United States Phil Mickelson England Justin Rose 1,800,000 2014 United States Bubba Watson (2) 280 −8 3 strokes Sweden Jonas Blixt United States Jordan Spieth 1,620,000 2013 Australia Adam Scott 279 −9 Playoff Argentina Ángel Cabrera 1,440,000 2012 United States Bubba Watson 278 −10 Playoff South Africa Louis Oosthuizen 1,440,000 2011 South Africa Charl Schwartzel 274 −14 2 strokes Australia Jason Day Australia Adam Scott 1,440,000 2010 United States Phil Mickelson (3) 272 −16 3 strokes England Lee Westwood 1,350,000 2009 Argentina Ángel Cabrera 276 −12 Playoff United States Kenny Perry United States Chad Campbell 1,350,000 2008 South Africa Trevor Immelman 280 −8 3 strokes United States Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2007 United States Zach Johnson 289 +1 2 strokes South Africa Retief Goosen South Africa Rory Sabbatini United States Tiger Woods 1,305,000 2006 United States Phil Mickelson (2) 281 −7 2 strokes South Africa Tim Clark 1,260,000 2005 United States Tiger Woods (4) 276 −12 Playoff United States Chris DiMarco 1,260,000 2004 United States Phil Mickelson 279 −9 1 stroke South Africa Ernie Els 1,117,000 2003 Canada Mike Weir 281 −7 Playoff United States Len Mattiace 1,080,000 2002 United States Tiger Woods (3) 276 −12 3 strokes South Africa Retief Goosen 1,008,000 2001 United States Tiger Woods (2) 272 −16 2 strokes United States David Duval 1,008,000 2000 Fiji Vijay Singh 278 −10 3 strokes South Africa Ernie Els 828,000 1999 Spain José María Olazábal (2) 280 −8 2 strokes United States Davis Love III 720,000 1998 United States Mark O'Meara 279 −9 1 stroke United States Fred Couples United States David Duval 576,000 1997 United States Tiger Woods 270 −18 12 strokes United States Tom Kite 486,000 1996 England Nick Faldo (3) 276 −12 5 strokes Australia Greg Norman 450,000 1995 United States Ben Crenshaw (2) 274 −14 1 stroke United States Davis Love III 396,000 1994 Spain José María Olazábal 279 −9 2 strokes United States Tom Lehman 360,000 1993 Germany Bernhard Langer (2) 277 −11 4 strokes United States Chip Beck 306,000 1992 United States Fred Couples 275 −13 2 strokes United States Raymond Floyd 270,000 1991 Wales Ian Woosnam 277 −11 1 stroke Spain José María Olazábal 243,000 1990 England Nick Faldo (2) 278 −10 Playoff United States Raymond Floyd 225,000 1989 England Nick Faldo 283 −5 Playoff United States Scott Hoch 200,000 1988 Scotland Sandy Lyle 281 −7 1 stroke United States Mark Calcavecchia 183,800 1987 United States Larry Mize 285 −3 Playoff Spain Seve Ballesteros Australia Greg Norman 162,000 1986 United States Jack Nicklaus (6) 279 −9 1 stroke United States Tom Kite Australia Greg Norman 144,000 1985 West Germany Bernhard Langer 282 −6 2 strokes Spain Seve Ballesteros United States Raymond Floyd United States Curtis Strange 126,000 1984 United States Ben Crenshaw 277 −11 2 strokes United States Tom Watson 108,000 1983 Spain Seve Ballesteros (2) 280 −8 4 strokes United States Ben Crenshaw United States Tom Kite 90,000 1982 United States Craig Stadler 284 −4 Playoff United States Dan Pohl 64,000 1981 United States Tom Watson (2) 280 −8 2 strokes United States Johnny Miller United States Jack Nicklaus 60,000 1980 Spain Seve Ballesteros 275 −13 4 strokes United States Gibby Gilbert Australia Jack Newton 55,000 1979 United States Fuzzy Zoeller 280 −8 Playoff United States Ed Sneed United States Tom Watson 50,000 1978 South Africa Gary Player (3) 277 −11 1 stroke United States Rod Funseth United States Hubert Green United States Tom Watson 45,000 1977 United States Tom Watson 276 −12 2 strokes United States Jack Nicklaus 40,000 1976 United States Raymond Floyd 271 −17 8 strokes United States Ben Crenshaw 40,000 1975 United States Jack Nicklaus (5) 276 −12 1 stroke United States Johnny Miller United States Tom Weiskopf 40,000 1974 South Africa Gary Player (2) 278 −10 2 strokes United States Dave Stockton United States Tom Weiskopf 35,000 1973 United States Tommy Aaron 283 −5 1 stroke United States J. C. Snead 30,000 1972 United States Jack Nicklaus (4) 286 −2 3 strokes Australia Bruce Crampton United States Bobby Mitchell United States Tom Weiskopf 25,000 1971 United States Charles Coody 279 −9 2 strokes United States Johnny Miller United States Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1970 United States Billy Casper 279 −9 Playoff United States Gene Littler 25,000 1969 United States George Archer 281 −7 1 stroke United States Billy Casper Canada George Knudson United States Tom Weiskopf 20,000 1968 United States Bob Goalby 277 −11 1 stroke Argentina Roberto De Vicenzo 20,000 1967 United States Gay Brewer 280 −8 1 stroke United States Bobby Nichols 20,000 1966 United States Jack Nicklaus (3) 288 E Playoff United States Tommy Jacobs (2nd) United States Gay Brewer (3rd) 20,000 1965 United States Jack Nicklaus (2) 271 −17 9 strokes United States Arnold Palmer South Africa Gary Player 20,000 1964 United States Arnold Palmer (4) 276 −12 6 strokes United States Dave Marr United States Jack Nicklaus 20,000 1963 United States Jack Nicklaus 286 −2 1 stroke United States Tony Lema 20,000 1962 United States Arnold Palmer (3) 280 −8 Playoff South Africa Gary Player (2nd) United States Dow Finsterwald (3rd) 20,000 1961 South Africa Gary Player 280 −8 1 stroke United States Charles Coe (a) United States Arnold Palmer 20,000 1960 United States Arnold Palmer (2) 282 −6 1 stroke United States Ken Venturi 17,500 1959 United States Art Wall Jr. 284 −4 1 stroke United States Cary Middlecoff 15,000 1958 United States Arnold Palmer 284 −4 1 stroke United States Doug Ford United States Fred Hawkins 11,250 1957 United States Doug Ford 283 −5 3 strokes United States Sam Snead 8,750 1956 United States Jack Burke Jr. 289 +1 1 stroke United States Ken Venturi (a) 6,000 1955 United States Cary Middlecoff 279 −9 7 strokes United States Ben Hogan 5,000 1954 United States Sam Snead (3) 289 +1 Playoff United States Ben Hogan 5,000 1953 United States Ben Hogan (2) 274 −14 5 strokes United States Ed Oliver 4,000 1952 United States Sam Snead (2) 286 −2 4 strokes United States Jack Burke Jr. 4,000 1951 United States Ben Hogan 280 −8 2 strokes United States Skee Riegel 3,000 1950 United States Jimmy Demaret (3) 283 −5 2 strokes Australia Jim Ferrier 2,400 1949 United States Sam Snead 282 −6 3 strokes United States Johnny Bulla United States Lloyd Mangrum 2,750 1948 United States Claude Harmon 279 −9 5 strokes United States Cary Middlecoff 2,500 1947 United States Jimmy Demaret (2) 281 −7 2 strokes United States Byron Nelson United States Frank Stranahan (a) 2,500 1946 United States Herman Keiser 282 −6 1 stroke United States Ben Hogan 2,500 1943–45: Cancelled due to World War II 1942 United States Byron Nelson (2) 280 −8 Playoff United States Ben Hogan 1,500 1941 United States Craig Wood 280 −8 3 strokes United States Byron Nelson 1,500 1940 United States Jimmy Demaret 280 −8 4 strokes United States Lloyd Mangrum 1,500 1939 United States Ralph Guldahl 279 −9 1 stroke United States Sam Snead 1,500 1938 United States Henry Picard 285 −3 2 strokes England Harry Cooper United States Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1937 United States Byron Nelson 283 −5 2 strokes United States Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1936 United States Horton Smith (2) 285 −3 1 stroke England Harry Cooper 1,500 1935 United States Gene Sarazen 282 −6 Playoff United States Craig Wood 1,500 1934 United States Horton Smith 284 −4 2 strokes United States Craig Wood 1,500 In the "Runner(s)-up" column, the names are sorted alphabetically, based on the last name of that year's runner(s)-up. The sudden-death format was adopted in 1976, first used in 1979, and revised in 2004.[101] None of the 11 sudden-death playoffs has advanced past the second hole; four were decided at the first hole, seven at the second. Playoffs prior to 1976 were full 18-hole rounds, except for 1935, which was 36 holes. None of the 6 full-round playoffs were tied at the end of the round; the closest margin was one stroke in 1942 and 1954. The 1962 playoff included three players: Arnold Palmer (68), Gary Player (71), and Dow Finsterwald (77). The 1966 playoff included three players: Jack Nicklaus (70), Tommy Jacobs (72), and Gay Brewer (78). Low amateurs In 1952, the Masters began presenting an award, known as the Silver Cup, to the lowest-scoring amateur to make the cut. In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner-up. There have been seven players to win low amateur and then go on to win the Masters as a professional. These players are Cary Middlecoff, Jack Nicklaus, Ben Crenshaw, Phil Mickelson, Tiger Woods, Sergio García, and Hideki Matsuyama. Year Champion To par Place 1934 United States Charlie Yates +9 T21 1935 United States Lawson Little E 6 1936 United States Johnny Dawson +6 T9 1937 United States Charlie Yates (2) +13 T26 1938 United States Tommy Suffern Tailer +10 T18 1939 United States Chick Harbert United States Charlie Yates (3) +8 T18 1940 United States Charlie Yates (4) +5 T17 1941 United States Dick Chapman +9 T19 1942 United States Bud Ward United States Charlie Yates (5) +16 T28 1943–1945 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 United States Cary Middlecoff +5 T12 1947 United States Frank Stranahan −5 T2 1948 United States Skee Riegel +5 T13 1949 United States Charles Coe United States Johnny Dawson (2) +7 T16 1950 United States Frank Stranahan (2) +9 T14 1951 United States Charles Coe (2) +5 T12 1952 United States Chuck Kocsis +9 T14 1953 United States Frank Stranahan (3) United States Harvie Ward +3 T14 1954 United States Billy Joe Patton +2 3 1955 United States Harvie Ward (2) +2 T8 1956 United States Ken Venturi +2 2 1957 United States Harvie Ward (3) E 4 1958 United States Billy Joe Patton (2) E 8 1959 United States Charles Coe (3) E 6 1960 United States Jack Nicklaus United States Billy Joe Patton (3) +5 T13 1961 United States Charles Coe (4) −7 T2 1962 United States Charles Coe (5) E T9 1963 United States Labron Harris Jr. +10 T32 1964 United States Deane Beman Canada Gary Cowan E T25 1965 United States Downing Gray +6 T31 1966 United States Jimmy Grant +11 T28 1967 United States Downing Gray (2) +9 T36 1968 United States Vinny Giles E T22 1969 United States Bruce Fleisher +12 44 1970 United States Charles Coe (6) +4 T23 1971 United States Steve Melnyk +4 T24 1972 United States Ben Crenshaw +7 T19 1973 United States Ben Crenshaw (2) +7 T24 1974 None made the cut 1975 United States George Burns +4 T30 1976 United States Curtis Strange +3 T15 1977 United States Bill Sander +11 49 1978 United States Lindy Miller −2 T16 1979 United States Bobby Clampett +2 T23 1980 United States Jay Sigel +1 T26 1981 United States Jay Sigel (2) +6 T35 1982 United States Jodie Mudd +6 T20 1983 United States Jim Hallet +9 T40 1984 United States Rick Fehr E T25 1985 United States Sam Randolph +2 T18 1986 United States Sam Randolph (2) +5 T36 1987 United States Bob Lewis +21 54 1988 United States Jay Sigel (3) +12 T39 1989 None made the cut 1990 United States Chris Patton +9 T39 1991 United States Phil Mickelson +2 T46 1992 South Africa Manny Zerman +6 T59 1993 None made the cut 1994 United States John Harris +17 T50 1995 United States Tiger Woods +5 T41 1996 None made the cut 1997 None made the cut 1998 United States Matt Kuchar E T21 1999 Spain Sergio García +7 T38 2000 United States David Gossett +15 T54 2001 None made the cut 2002 None made the cut 2003 United States Ricky Barnes +3 21 2004 United States Casey Wittenberg E T13 2005 United States Ryan Moore −1 T13 2006 None made the cut 2007 None made the cut 2008 None made the cut 2009 None made the cut 2010 Italy Matteo Manassero +4 T36 2011 Japan Hideki Matsuyama −1 T27 2012 United States Patrick Cantlay +7 T47 2013 China Guan Tianlang +12 58 2014 Australia Oliver Goss +10 49 2015 None made the cut 2016 United States Bryson DeChambeau +5 T21 2017 United States Stewart Hagestad +6 T36 2018 United States Doug Ghim +8 T50 2019 Norway Viktor Hovland −3 T32 2020 United States Andy Ogletree −2 T34 2021 None made the cut 2022 None made the cut 2023 United States Sam Bennett −2 T16 Records Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters (six) and was 46 years, 82 days old when he won in 1986, making him the oldest winner of the Masters.[24] Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens, with 22, and the most cuts made, with 37.[20][102] The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods, who was 21 years, 104 days old when he won in 1997. In that year, Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin (12 strokes), and the lowest winning score, with 270 (−18). Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015, and Dustin Johnson broke it in 2020.[103] In 2013, Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters, at age 14 years, 168 days on the opening day of the tournament;[104] the following day, he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men's major championship.[105] Gary Player holds the record for most appearances, with 52. Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made, with 23 between 1959 and 1982 (Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery). He shares this record with Fred Couples, who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007, not competing in 1987 and 1994;[20] and Tiger Woods, who matched the feat between 1997 and 2023, not competing in 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2021.[106] Also in 2023, Couples became the oldest player to make the cut, doing so at age 63 years, 186 days.[107] Nick Price and Greg Norman share the course record of 63, with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively. The highest winning score of 289 (+1) has occurred three times: Sam Snead in 1954, Jack Burke Jr. in 1956, and Zach Johnson in 2007. Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round.[103] There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters; the latest was by a contender in the fourth round in 2012. In the penultimate pairing with eventual champion Bubba Watson, Louis Oosthuizen's 260-yard (238 m) downhill 4 iron from the fairway made the left side of the green at the par-5 second hole, called Pink Dogwood, rolled downhill, and in.[108] The other two rare occurrences of this feat after Sarazen's double eagle on the fabled course's Fire Thorn hole in 1935: Bruce Devlin made double eagle from 248 yards (227 m) out with a 4-wood at the eighth hole (Yellow Jasmine) in the first round in 1967, while Jeff Maggert hit a 3-iron 222 yards (203 m) at the 13th hole (Azalea) in the fourth round in 1994.[109] Three players share the record for most runner-up finishes with four – Ben Hogan (1942, 1946, 1954, 1955), Tom Weiskopf (1969, 1972, 1974, 1975), and Jack Nicklaus (1964, 1971, 1977, 1981). Nicklaus and Tiger Woods are the only golfers to have won the Masters in three separate decades. Broadcasting See also: List of Masters Tournament broadcasters United States television Network Years of broadcast CBS 1956–present USA Network 1982–2007 ESPN 2008–present CBS has televised the Masters in the United States every year since 1956,[110][111] when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes. Tournament coverage of the first eight holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers, but by 2006, more than 50 cameras were used. Chairman Jack Stephens felt that the back nine was always more "compelling", increased coverage would increase the need for sponsorship spending, and that broadcasting the front nine of the course on television would cut down on attendance and television viewership for the tournament.[110][112][113] USA Network added first- and second-round coverage in 1982.[114] In 2008, ESPN replaced USA as broadcaster of early-round coverage. These broadcasts use the CBS Sports production staff and commentators, but with ESPN personality Scott Van Pelt (succeeding Mike Tirico, who replaced Bill Macatee's similar role under USA Network) as studio host, as well as Curtis Strange as studio analyst.[115][114][116] CBS carries two 15-minute highlight programs in late night covering the first and second rounds, which airs after their affiliates' late night local newscasts. In 2005, CBS broadcast the tournament with high-definition fixed and handheld wired cameras, as well as standard-definition wireless handheld cameras. In 2006, a webstream called "Amen Corner Live" began providing coverage of all players passing through holes 11, 12, and 13 through all four rounds.[117] This was the first full tournament multi-hole webcast from a major championship. In 2007, CBS added "Masters Extra," an extra hour of full-field bonus coverage daily on the internet, preceding the television broadcasts. In 2008, CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web. In 2011, "Masters Extra" was dropped after officials gave ESPN an extra hour each day on Thursday and Friday. In 2016, the Amen Corner feed was broadcast in 4K ultra high definition exclusively on DirecTV—as one of the first live U.S. sports telecasts in the format.[118][119] A second channel of 4K coverage covering holes 15 and 16 was added in 2017,[120] and this coverage was produced with high-dynamic-range (HDR) color in 2018.[121] While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner, it has done so in successive one-year contracts.[122] Former CBS Sports president Neal Pilson stated that their relationship had gotten to the point where the contracts could be negotiated in just hours.[110] Due to the lack of long-term contractual security, as well as the club's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees (owing to its affluent membership), it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast, or at least performs some form of self-censorship, in order to maintain future rights. The club, however, has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast.[123][124] Despite this, announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed, notably Jack Whitaker and Gary McCord,[123] and there also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National, such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests.[124] The coverage itself carries a more formal style than other golf telecasts; announcers refer to the gallery as patrons rather than as spectators or fans. Gallery itself is also used.[125] The club also disallows promotions for other network programs, or other forms of sponsored features.[125] Significant restrictions have been placed on the tournament's broadcast hours compared to other major championships. Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18-hole coverage of the leaders, a standard at the other three majors.[123] Since 1982, CBS has used "Augusta" by Dave Loggins as the event telecast's distinctive theme music. Loggins originally came up with the song during his first trip to the Augusta course in 1981.[126] The club mandates minimal commercial interruption, currently limited to four minutes per hour (as opposed to the usual 12 or more); this is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to two or three companies – currently these "global sponsors" are AT&T, IBM, and Mercedes-Benz.[125] AT&T (then SBC) and IBM have sponsored the tournament since 2005, joined at first by ExxonMobil, which in 2014 was replaced as a global sponsor by Mercedes-Benz.[127] In 2002, in the wake of calls to boycott tournament sponsors over the Martha Burk controversy, club chairman Hootie Johnson suspended all television sponsorship of the 2003 tournament. He argued that it was "unfair" to have the Masters' sponsors become involved with the controversy by means of association with the tournament, as their sponsorship is of the Masters and not Augusta National itself. CBS agreed to split production costs for the tournament with the club to make up for the lack of sponsorship. After the arrangement continued into 2004, the tournament reinstated sponsorships for 2005, with the new partners of ExxonMobil, IBM, and SBC.[128][129] The club also sells separate sponsorship packages, which do not provide rights to air commercials on the U.S. telecasts, to two "international partners"; in 2014, those companies were Rolex and UPS (the latter of which replaced Mercedes-Benz upon that company's elevation to "global sponsor" status).[127] Radio coverage Westwood One (previously Dial Global and CBS Radio) has provided live radio play-by-play coverage in the United States since 1956. This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website. The network provides short two- or three-minute updates throughout the tournament, as well as longer three- and four-hour segments towards the end of the day.[130] International television The BBC had broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986, and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live. With the 2007 launch of BBC HD, UK viewers were able to watch the championship in that format. BBC Sport held the exclusive TV and radio rights through to 2010.[131] The BBC's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee. From the 2011 Masters, Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days, as well as the par 3 contest in HD and, for the first time ever, in 3D. The BBC continued to air live coverage of the weekend rounds in parallel with Sky until 2019, when it was announced that Sky will hold exclusive rights to live coverage of all four rounds beginning 2020. The BBC will only hold rights to delayed highlights. With its loss of live rights to the Open Championship to Sky in 2016, it marks the first time since 1955 that the BBC no longer holds any rights to live professional golf.[132][133][134] In Ireland, Setanta Ireland previously showed all four rounds, and now since 2017 Eir Sport broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage.[135] After Eir Sport's closure in 2021, Sky Sports will broadcast the event exclusively in Ireland for the first time, like in the UK.[136] In Canada, broadcast rights to the Masters are held by Bell Media, with coverage divided between TSN (cable), which carries live simulcasts and primetime encores of CBS and ESPN coverage for all four rounds, CTV (broadcast), which simulcasts CBS's coverage of the weekend rounds, and RDS, which carries French-language coverage. Prior to 2013, Canadian broadcast rights were held by a marketing company, Graham Sanborn Media,[137] which in turn bought time on the Global Television Network, TSN, and RDS (except for 2012 when French-language coverage aired on TVA and TVA Sports) to air the broadcasts, also selling all of the advertising for the Canadian broadcasts. This was an unusual arrangement in Canadian sports broadcasting, as in most cases broadcasters acquire their rights directly from the event organizers or through partnerships with international rightsholders, such as ESPN International (ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN). In 2013, Global and TSN began selling advertising directly, and co-produced supplemental programs covering the tournament (while still carrying U.S. coverage for the tournament itself).[138][139] On December 15, 2015, TSN parent company Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to the tournament beginning 2016 under a multi-year deal. Broadcast television coverage moved to co-owned broadcast network CTV, while TSN uses its expanded five-channel service to carry supplemental feeds (including the Amen Corner feed and early coverage of each round) that were previously exclusive to digital platforms.[140][141] In France, the Masters is broadcast live on Canal+ and Canal+ Sport. In 53 countries, including much of Latin America, broadcast rights for the entire tournament are held by the ESPN International networks.[142] Ticketing Although tickets (more commonly referred to as "badges") for the Masters are not expensive at face value, they are very difficult to come by. Masters tickets are considered the second-hardest to obtain in sports, trailing only the Super Bowl.[143] Even the practice rounds can be difficult to gain entrance into. Practice rounds and daily tournament tickets are sold in advance, through a selection process, only after receipt of an online application. All tickets are sold in advance and there are no tickets sold at the gates.[144] Additionally, Georgia state law prohibits tickets from being bought, sold or handed off within a 2,700 foot boundary around the Augusta National Golf Club.[145][146] Open applications for practice rounds and individual daily tournament tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random selection. Series badges for the actual tournament, that is a badge valid for all four tournament rounds, are made available and sold only to individuals of a patrons list, which is closed. A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978. It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again.[147][148] Individuals who are fortunate enough to be on the patron list are given the recurring opportunity to purchase series badges each year for life. According to Augusta National, after the death of a badge holder, the series badge account is transferable only to a surviving spouse and cannot be transferred to other family members.[147][149][150] In 2008, as part of their Junior Pass Program, the Masters also began allowing children (between the ages of 8 and 16) to enter on tournament days for free if they are accompanied by the patron who is the original applicant of his or her series badge. The Junior Pass Program does not apply to individual daily tournament tickets, only to series badge patrons.[151][146] The difficulty in acquiring Masters badges has made the tournament one of the largest events on the secondary resale ticket market.[152] Since a majority of the badges for the Masters are made available to the same group of patrons each year, these perennial ticket holders sometimes decide to sell their badges through large ticket marketplaces and/or third party ticket brokers. Although they do so at their own detriment as this action is strictly prohibited in the ticket purchase agreement and ticket policy.[153] Notes  Notable exception includes the 2020 Masters Tournament, which was played in November due to the suspension of the 2019–20 PGA Tour from March to mid-June due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  Equals record for all major championships. Further reading Bantock, Jack (April 5, 2023). "For nearly 50 years, only Black men caddied The Masters. One day, they all but vanished". CNN.
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PicClick Insights - 3 1942 Bobby Jones Golfer WW2 Army by Ray Platnick Old Photo Negative Lot 468A PicClick Exclusive

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