Jane’s World Railways 1992-93 by Geoffrey Freeman Allen

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Jane’s World Railways 1992-93 by Geoffrey Freeman Allen   Janes World Railways 1992-93 by Geoffrey Freeman Allen Hard Cover 826 pages Copyright 1992 CONTENTS FOREWORD  [51] MANUFACTURERS. Locomotives  3 Powered passenger vehicles  51 Diesel engines and transmission systems  101 Electric traction equipment  123 Non-powered passenger vehicles  135 Passenger coach equipment  151 Freight vehicles  165 Brakes and drawgear  187 Bogies and suspensions, wheels and axles  201 Bearings  213 Signalling and telecommunications  217 Passenger information systems  237 Automatic fare systems  245 Fixed electrification equipment  253 Permanent way equipment  263 Yard and terminal equipment  297 Workshop, repair and maintenance equipment  309 PRIVATE FREIGHT CAR LEASING COMPANIES  317 OPERATORS OF INTERNATIONAL RAIL SERVICES IN EUROPE  323 INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY ASSOCIATIONS AND AGENCIES  327 CONSULTANCY SERVICES  335 RAILWAY SYSTEMS Afghanistan  364 Albania  364 Algeria  364 Angola  368 Argentina  369 Australia  371 Austria  393 Bangladesh  402 Belgium  403 Benin  409 Bolivia  410 Botswana  411 Brazil  412 Bulgaria  421 Burkina Faso  423 Cameroon  423 Canada  424 Chile  440 China, People's Republic  442 Commonwealth of Independent States  447 Colombia  451 Congo  452 Costa Rica  453 Croatia  454 Cuba  454 Czech and Slovac Republics  455 Denmark  458 Dominican Republic  463 Ecuador  463 Egypt  463 El Salvador  463 Ethiopia  463 Finland  466 France  470 Gabon  484 Germany  485 Ghana  503 Greece  505 Guatemala  508 Guinea  508 Honduras  508 Hong Kong  509 Hungary  511 India  514 Indonesia  526 Iran  529 Iraq  530 Ireland  531 Israel  534 Italy  535 Ivory Coast  549 Jamaica  551 Japan  551 Jordan  581 Kampuchea  582 Kenya  582 Korea, Democratic People's Republic  584 Korea, Republic  585 Latvia  587 Lebanon  587 Liberia  588 Libya  589 Lithuania  589 Luxembourg  589 Madagascar  591 Malawi  592 Malaysia  593 Mali  595 Mauritania  596 Mexico  596 Mongolia  598 Morocco  598 Mozambique  600 Myanma  601 Namibia  602 Nepal  602 Netherlands  603 New Zealand  608 Nicaragua  609 Nigeria  609 Norway  610 Pakistan  614 Panama  616 Paraguay  617 Peru  617 Philippines  619 Poland  620 Portugal  623 Puerto Rico  627 Romania  627 Russia  628 Saudi Arabia  629 Senegal  629 Slovenia  630 South Africa  631 Spain  636 Sri Lanka  648 Sudan  649 Swaziland  650 Sweden  650 Switzerland  658 Syria  681 Taiwan  682 Tanzania  684 Thailand  686 Togo  689 Tunisia  690 Turkey  691 Uganda  694 Ukraine  695 United Kingdom  695 United States of America  707 Uruguay  754 Venezuela  755 Viet-Nam  755 Yugoslavia  756 Zaire  758 Zambia  759 Zimbabwe  760 RAPID TRANSIT AND UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS 763 ADDENDA  807 INDEX  813 Alphabetical List of Advertisers A ABB Signal AB                                                                                                                                   PO Box 42505, S-12612 Stockholm, Sweden Bookmark ABB Transportation Management and Systems Development GmbH                                       Gottlieb-Daimler-Stra6, PO Box 10 01 63, 0-6800 Mannheim 1, Germany  [13] & Back Index ABB Transportation Ltd                                                                                                                                           St Peter's House, Gower Street, Derby DE 1 1 AH, UK Front Divider Passenger Coach Equipment AEG Mobile Communication GmbH                                                                                        Wilhelm-Runge-Str 11, D-7900 Ulm Germany  [43] AEG Westinghouse Transport Systems GmbH                                                                                                                                                                                      Nonnendammalee 15-21, D-1000 Berlin 20, Germany Back Divider Locomotives Alcatel Standard ElSA                                                                                                   Railway Communications Marketing, Cardenal Marcelo Spinola, Edificio D2, E-28016 Madrid, Spain  [7] Ansaldo Trasporti SpA                                                                                                                                 Via Nuova delle Brecce 260, 1-80147 Napoli, Italy  [31] B Bombardier Inc                                                                                                                                                           Transportation Equipment Group, 1 101 Parent Street, St-Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec J3V 6E6, Canada Facing Page [1] Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie SpA                                                                                                Via Ciliegiole 110-115, I-51 100 Pistoia, Italy  Outside Front Cover Brown & Root Rail Projects                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Wessex House, Market Street, Eastleigh, Hampshire SO5 4FD, UK  [19] BSI Verkehrstechnik                                                                                                                                                                                        Papenberger Stra38, PO Box 100165, D-5680 Remscheid, Germany  [15] C Caterpillar Inc                                                                                                                                                                    100 North East Adams Street, Peoria, USA Front Divider Leasing/Associations/Consultants Cockerill Forges & Ringmill                                                                                                                                 PO Box 65, B-4100 Seraing 1, Belgium  201 Cockerill Mechanical Industries (CMI)                                                                              Locomotives and Diesel Engines Division, 1 Avenue Greiner, B-4100 Seraing, Belgium  [11] Compin                                                                                                                                                              Public Transport Seating 40 bd Malesherbes, F-75008 Paris, France  [12] Cooperativa Bilancia                                                                                                                                                                          Weighing Scales Company 1-41011 Campogalliano, Via Sergio Ferrari 16, Italy  [33] D Daewoo Heavy Industries Ltd                                                                                                                                                                                          PO Box 7955, Daewoo Centre Building, 20th Floor 541, 5-GA Namdaemoon Ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea  [45] Davies & Metcalfe plc                                                                                                               Injector Works, Romiley, Stockport, Cheshire SK6 3AE, UK Back Divider Brakes/Bogies/Bearings/Signalling/ Passenger Systems/Fixed Electrification Deuta-Werke GmbH                                                                                                                          PO Box 20 02 60, D-5060 Bergisch Gladbach 2, Germany [46] E Ebo AG                                                                                                                                                      Z103, CH-8134 Adliswil, Switzerland  [47] Elektroapparatebau Olten (EAO) AG                                                                                                Tannwaldstrasse 88, CH-4601 Olten, Switzerland  [48] Elettromeccanica                                                                                                                                               Via IV Novembre, 29 Loc Cantagrillo, I-51034 Serravalle P.SE, Pistoia, Italy  [4] EKE-Electronics                                                                                                                      Piispanportti 7, SF-02240 Espoo, Finland  [38] EURAIL Consult                                                                                                                                Co-ordinating Office, Park Place Chambers, 2 Park Place, Stevenage, Herts SG1 1DP, UK  [29] Exel Oy                                                                                                                                                                          PO Box 29, SF-52701 M, Finland  [17] F FIREMA Consortium                                                                                                                                                    Viale Edison 120,1-20099 Sesto S, Giovanni, Milan, Italy  [42] French Railway Industry Federation                                                                                                      12 rue Bixio, F-75007, Paris, France  [2] Furrer + Frey                                                                                                                                  Thunstrasse 35, CH-3000 Bern 6, Switzerland  [33] G Garden Festival Wales                                                                                                                                                       Victoria, Ebbw Vale, Gwent NP3 6UF, South Wales  [46] GEC Alsthom Transport                                                                                                                   Tour Neptune, Cedex 20, F-92086 Paris-La D, France  [1] & Spine General Electric Technical Services Company Inc                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Unit 420, Frimley Business Park, Frimley, Camberley, Surrey GU 16 5SG, UK Back Index Gummiwerk Kraiburg Elastik GmbH G8, D-8261 Tittmoning, Germany  [14] H Henry Williams Darlington Ltd (HWD)                                                                                          Dodsworth St, Darlington, Co Durham DL1 2NJ, UK 276 Hitachi Ltd                                                                                                                        Transportation & Building Systems Dept 6 Kanda Surugadai 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-10, Japan Back Divider Systems/Rapid Transit Hoesch Maschinenfabrik Deutschland AG                                                                                   PO Box 10 16 62, Borsigstr 22, D-4600 Dortmund 1, Germany 313 Holec HH Ridderkerk                                                                                                                                        Ringdijk 390, PO Box 4050, 2980 GB Ridderkerk, Netherlands Back Index Hyundai Precision & Industry Co Ltd                                                                                            140-2 Gye-Dong, Chongro-Ku, Seoul, Korea  [49] I IFE-AG                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         A-3340 Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Austria  151 J Jakem Timbers Ltd                                                                                                               The Old Malt House, 125 High Street, Uckfield, East Sussex TN22 1 EG, UK  [39] JM Voith GmbH                                                                                                                                                                                   PO Box 1940, D-7920 Heidenheim, Germany  [44] K Keller Meccanica SpA                                                                                                                    Via Francesco Guardione 3,1-90139 Palermo, Italy  [24] & [25] KlAG                                                                                                                 Zitadellenweg 20 D-F, PO Box 20 05 56, D-1000 Berlin 20, Germany  [19], 239 & 245 Knorr-Bremse AG                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Moosacher Stra80, D-8000 M40, Germany Front Divider Brakes/Bogies/ Bearings/Signalling/ Passenger Systems/Fixed Electrification, & 187 Krauss-Maffei Verkehrstechnik GmbH                                                                               Krauss-Maffei-Strasse 2, D-8000 Munich 50, Germany [23] KV Limited                                                                                                                                                  43 Burners Lane South, Kiln Farm, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire MK11 3HA, UK [29] L Le Materiel de Voie SA                                                                                                               Cedex 33, F-92070 Paris-La Defense, France Facing Page 274 Linke-Hofmann-Busch Waggon-Fahrzeug-Maschinen GmbH                                                                                         PO Box 41 11 60, D-3320 Salzgitter 41, Germany Front Divider Powered Passenger Vehicles Lovere Sidermeccania SpA                                                                                                               Via G. Paglia 45,1-24065 Lovere (BG), Italy  Outside Back Cover Luwa Fahrzeugklimatechnik GmbH                                                                                     Hanauer Landstrasse 200, D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1, Germany Back Divider Passenger Coach Equipment M Matisa MatIndustriel SA                                                                                                                                                                                                               PO Box 58, CH-1023 Crissier s/Lausanne, Switzerland  [41] Mirror Technology                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Craswell Scientific Ltd Unit 11, Orchard Trading Estate, Toddington, Gloucestershire GL54 5EB, UK  221 Motoren-und Turbinen-Union Friedrichshafen GmbH (MTU)                                                                                                                 PO Box 2040, D-7990 Friedrichshafen, Germany Front Divider Diesel Engines and Transmission Systems & 114 N Neuero Technology GmbH                                                                                                                      PO Box 229, D-4520 Melle 1, Germany  314 O O&K Rolltreppen GmbH                                                                                                                                                                         PO Box 80 06 47, D-4320 Hattingen, Germany  [34] O.M.T. Spa                                                                                                                                                                                     Via Ferrero 67/A, F-10090 Cascine Vica-Rivoli, Italy  Back Divider Diesel Engines and Transmission Systems Oy Transtech Ltd                                                                                                                          PO Box 217, SF-90101 Oulu, Finland  Back Divider Freight Vehicles P Pfaff-silberblau Hebezeugfabrik GmbH                                                                                        Abt, D-8900 Augsburg 1, Germany  [48] Philips Communication & Security Systems                                                                  Building TQ111-3, PO Box 218, 5600 MD Eindhoven, Netherlands  [52] Phoenix AG                                                                                                                                                   PO Box 90 08 54, D-2100 Hamburg 90, Germany  [35] Plasser & Theurer                                                                                                        Johannesgasse 3, A-1010 Wien, Austria  Back Divider Permanent Way/Yard/Terminal/Workshop Equipment, & 283 POLI Officine Meccaniche SpA                                                                                                       1-26014 Romanengo (CR), Italy  [27] R Robel GmbH & Co                                                                                                                               PO Box 75 07 70, Thalkirchner Strasse 210, D-8000 M75, Germany 267, 280, & 290 RFS Bogies                                                                                                                                                          PO Box 76, Hexthorpe Trading Park, Doncaster DN4 OEH Back Index RFS Industries Group                                                                                                                       PO Box 200, Hexthorpe Road, Doncaster DN1 1PL, UK  [17] Ruston Diesels Ltd                                                                                                                 Vulcan Works, Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside WA 12 8RU, UK [3] S SAB WABCO NV                                                                                                                                                                                      Zaventem, Belgium  Front Divider Locomotives Sambre et Meuse                                                                                                                                         F-92366 Meudon-La-Foret, Cedex France 203 Scharfenbergkupplung GmbH                                                                                                       PO Box 41 11 60, D-3320 Salzgitter 41, Germany  196 Schindler Waggon AG Pratteln                                                                                                                         CH-4133 Pratteln, Switzerland Back Divider Non-Powered Passenger Vehicles Schwermaschinenbau KIROW Leipzig GmbH SpinnereistraBe 13, D-7033 Leipzig, Germany  [44] SLtd                                                                                                                       Traction Components, CH-1211 Geneva 21, Italy  Back Divider Electric Traction Equipment SHasler Ltd                                                                                                                 Railway Equipment, Bahnh70, CH-3018 Berne, Switzerland  [21] SEMT Pielstick                                                                                                                                     2 Quai de Seine, F-93302 Saint-Denis, France  [54] Servo Corporation of America                                                                                                        111 New South Road, PO Box 1490, Hicksville, NY 11802-1490,  USA  [39] SGP Verkehrestechnik                                                                                                                                                                           PO Box 102, A-1110 Vienna, Brehmstra16, Austria  [32] Siemens AG                                                                                                                                                    PO Box 2348, D-8510 Furth, Germany  [50] SILF                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Via Emilia Pavese 93, SS 10 Sarmato, Italy  [37] Speno International SA                                                                                                                22-24 Parc Ch, PO Box 16, CH-1211 Geneve 21, Switzerland Front Divider Permanent Way/Yard/Terminal/Workshop Equipment Swiss Locomotive & Machine Works (SLM)                                                                                                                             CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland  Inside Front Cover and Facing Inside Front Cover, Facing Page 34 T                                                                                                                                                   THORN Transit Systems International Wookey Hole Road, Wells, Somerset BA5 1 AA, UK  [19] Transmark                                                                                                                           Enterprise House, 169 Westbourne Terrace, London W2 6JY, UK  [37] Twiflex Ltd                                                                                                                                                 The Green, Twickenham TW2 SAQ, UK Back Index V Valdunes                                                                                                                              lmmeuble ElysLa Defense, 29 Le Parvis, Cedex 35, F-92072 Paris-La Defense 4, France  [26] Vaughan Systems Ltd                                                                                                                                                                                                                 The Maltings, Hoe Lane, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 9LR, UK  [8] Velec                                                                                                                                                                                         278 ChaussFernand-Forest, BP 6303-59203 Tourcoing, France 243 Z Zweiweg Schneider GmbH & Co KG                                                                                                  SalinstraBe 1, D-8200 Rosenheim, Germany [54] MANUFACTURERS Locomotives3 Powered passenger vehicles51 Diesel engines and transmission systems101 Electric traction equipment123 Non-powered passenger vehicles135 Passenger coach equipment151 Freight vehicles165 Brakes and drawgear187 Bogies and suspensions, wheels and axles201 Bearings213 Signalling and telecommunications systems217 Passenger information systems237 Automatic fare systems245 Fixed electrification equipment253 Permanent way equipment263 Yard and terminal equipment297 Workshop, repair and maintenance equipment309 FOREWORD The year reviewed in this edition has been just as rich in technological advance as its immediate predecessors. But this time, politically driven change has probably had more significance for the future of European railways. Its ultimate effect may be the disappearance in Europe of the national railway that is master both of its infrastructure and of all its operations. Separation of infrastructure and operations management is the common theme of the present European railway restructuring. But not with a common purpose, nor with a common method. In the first countries to make the division, such as Austria, Sweden and Switzerland, the impetus was part environmental, part socio-economic. An explicit aim of the state takeover of Swedish Railways' (SJ) infrastructure, for example, was said at the time to be parity between road and rail. The tolls paid for rail infrastructure use would correspond to the taxation of road vehicles. Common criteria would be applied to assessment of each mode's bid for infrastructure development, so that available finance would be allocated objectively to the projects yielding the greatest environmental and socio-economic benefits. Proper remuneration of the railway for maintaining purely social services should be assured, because expenses to be met would be limited to avoidable operating costs. The efficiency of the railway in its commercial sector would consequently become much easier to determine, refine and develop. This last has been shown in Austria, where since such a restructure the Federal Railway (OBB) has recorded a financial surplus each year to date. In practice the Swedish scheme has been flawed. The primary duty of the track authority, Banverket, is to the government, not to its prime user, SJ. Curiously, user tolls are paid, not to Banverket, but to the Treasury. Banverket's budget is politically controlled and, as remarked above, its investment has to be formulated to meet national socioeconomic criteria. That means it cannot respond to spot SJ demands for works urgently needed to seize new commercial opportunities. It seems, too, that SJ cannot even rely on prompt attention to repair of faulty infrastructure equipment that is prejudicing its commercial credibility. The long-debated restructure of Germany's national railway, now to be carried out, is partly concerned to rid it of historic social burdens that have numbed management and swollen its annual deficit. The reorganisation is associated with the merger from 1 January 1994 of the east and west systems, DR and DB, as Deutsche Eisenbahn AG (DBAG). The unified railway will then be split into infrastructure, passenger and freight businesses. In 1997 these become free-standing but still publicly-owned enterprises - Fahrweg AG, Personenverkehr AG and GAG - initially under a holding company, but that will be wound up early in the next century. The German package's redistribution of social obligations has two main components. A Personaluberleitungs (Staff Transfer) Institution will take over the DB's shackles of DM55 000 million long-term debt and its 130 000 staff that have the historic security of civil servant status. It will then hire back to the railway the proportion of these employees that it still needs. A ceiling is to be set on Federal support of local train services. Provincial and communal governments will assume the financial responsibility for any variations of service in their territories that incur added cost. The Italians are tackling the social service problem the Swedish way. The plan approved by government in August 1992 for conversion of Italian Railways (FS) into an independent but still state-owned enterprise, FS SpA, partitions the network into a profit-centred 5000-route-km core, which carries 80 per cent of current traffic, and a social sector of some 10 000 route-km that will still receive state subsidy. Like the German scheme, the Italian plan will entail massive staff reductions if their prime objective of curbing the two railways' presently huge appetite for taxpayer support is to be realised. As for separation of functions, the far-reaching internal reorganisation set in motion earlier by FS Administrator Lorenzo Necci has marked out the ground for creation of free-standing passenger and freight enterprises. To return to Germany, its track company, Fahrweg, will be Federally financed. How Fahrweg will recoup its outlays from the train operating companies was not known in detail as this is written. Federal funding in full of all major rail infrastructure projects will continue, but Fahrweg will have to repay the money spent both on maintenance and investment within 40 years (free of interest, though). So, on top of the huge costs already committed to integrating DB and DR, and upgrading the latter, the Bonn government launched in mid-1992 a new National Infrastructure Plan (BVWP) with a price tag of DM108 000 million for its priority rail schemes, as against a lesser DM99 000 million for immediate trunk road projects. The new BVWP proposals include five more stretches of new high-speed line (NBS), as well as considerable ABS upgrading. The upshot, if all proceeds to schedule, will be 3200 km of DBAG trunk route fit for operation at 200 km/h or more by the year 2010. The Bonn government was balked by the European Court of Justice in 1990 when it sought to apply a new annual user tax on all heavy road freight vehicles using its highways. The Court branded the move as unfair discrimination. Undaunted, Bonn now plans to extract finance for rail development from all users of its motorways, starting with special taxation of lorries in 1994 and then private autos from 1995-96. A further stimulus to divorce of infrastructure and operations management is traceable to Western Europe's political trend to the right, and resultant moves to widen scope for private enterprise. It must be said, however, that the European Community's early 1991 directive accepting pressures for freedom of rail access, initially for international freight operators, was not just a nod to dogma private enterprise. The halting progress to credible management of international freight operation on an end-to-end route basis by the railways and their intermodal subsidiaries invited the challenge of a competitive market. Since then the right-of-track access has been broadened to cover international passenger train operation within the EC. But can private enterprise run trains to greater public advantage than a national system? Within a circumscribed rural area, very probably. There, like the regional and short-line companies which have proliferated in the US, a local company can function with greatly reduced overheads and most likely without the national railway's constraints of agreed staff pay and conditions. That seems proven where Swedish regional administrations, now financially responsible for their local passenger trains, have entrusted operation to private companies. In some cases these entrepreneurs have been able to intensify services. Optimal benefit to the consumer depends, however, on the determination of local operator and national railway to maintain a user-friendly feeder relationship where they interface. When it comes to the long haul, a competitive European rail freight market in particular has risks. Even internationally there are very few flows that come anywhere near the distances over which US Class 1 railroads can operate profitably. If private operators grab a substantial part of the traffic in Continental European railways' major and viable corridors, the national railways' freight businesses will record an even more depressing operating ratio than in the current recession. Withdrawal from more peripheral freight activity will surely follow. Nevertheless, moves to open up entire national networks to private enterprise have begun. Licence for private operators to run longer-haul services over any part of the national rail network is now proposed in Sweden from 1995. It is implicit in a Netherlands Railways restructure plan prepared for the Dutch Transport Minister by a specially- appointed commission. It is also the overriding aim of a British government plan that proposes the most drastic restructure of all. Progressive franchising of all passenger services, a sell-off of all BR's freight operations, and ultimate parcelling out of the infrastructure to private companies, are the objectives. In short, abolition in toto of the state railway. The first concern this convoluted British plan raises is its threat to the general public service role of a national rail system. In Britain, it seems, entrepreneurs innocent of debt arising from the past cost of developing a high-speed Inter-City system, will be able to lease modern BR rolling stock to cream off very profitably the premium peak business on key routes. Until the rest of the Inter-City operation can be sold off, piecemeal or as an entity, this must then struggle to make ends meet on its residual, less lucrative and consequently contracting services. Typifying the absurdities that could arise from the plan has been one would-be franchisee's ambition to run peak-hour commuter car-carrier trains into Central London, over trackage already stretched to cope with its streams of conventional trains, and in defiance of the crying need to curb the city's daytime influx of private cars. But maybe that sort of market-segmented, premium-priced approach is what the Transport Minister has had in mind in his euphoric promises that infunding of private enterprise will make good the underfunding that condemns thousands of average commuters in some parts of the metropolis to a wretched but ever more expensive service. Reflecting the Prime Minister's nostalgia for the pre-nationalisation British railway companies, the plan hankers for a regional focus in its franchises. Co-operation between franchisees to preserve seamless journey possibilities nationwide arouses less interest. Although the proposed national infrastructure company, Railtrack, which will allocate paths as well as cover its costs from user tolls, will be told to ensure a unified timetable for the whole network, what will happen when - as the government intends - Railtrack is in time sold off piecemeal to private entrepreneurs? Another uncertainty is what criteria Railtrack will apply to allocation of paths. The Dutch proposals, mentioned above, wisely advocate creation within NS of separate infrastructure and capacity allocation managements, as well as passenger and freight; the capacity allocation management, it is suggested, should work within specific rules to ensure critical public service needs are covered. In the British plan the relationship between the Franchising Authority, the regulator which is to peer over its shoulder, and Railtrack looks tenuous. The most worrying aspect of the British plan is its lack of concern over the physical development of the British rail system. As already observed, other restructuring countries have retained state financial responsibility for infrastructure development. Railtrack is expected to fund BR's further electrification, upgrading and signalling modernisation out of such dues as it can squeeze from a spread of franchisees working within fare ceilings set by the Franchising Authority, possibly competing with others on the same routes, and anxious for their own profit. As for renewal of rolling stock and advance in its technology, the outlook is bleak. The prospects for integrated track-and-vehicle R & D of the kind that spawned the French TGV, and which could have underpinned regeneration of BR's West Coast InterCity route, are non-existent. Several European railways have followed in principle British Rail's lead in internal( creation of individual profit-centred businesses, and subordination to them of the production functions. Britain's Transport Minister appears to anticipate the same Continental respect for his privatisation scheme. It will be astonishing, however, if any Continental European government, let alone its railway, views this as better than a dogma-driven exercise, utterly irrelevant to national need of a well-balanced multi-modal transport system, and a damper of any further technological exploration of rail transport's potential. All pictures are of the actual item.  There may be reflection from the lights in some photos.   We try to take photos of any damage.    If this is a railroad item, this material is obsolete and no longer in use by the railroad.  Please email with questions. Publishers of Train Shed Cyclopedias and Stephans Railroad Directories. Large inventory of railroad books and magazines. Thank you for buying from us. Shipping charges US Shipments:  Ebay will add $1.25 each additional items, there are a few exceptions.     Ebay Global shipping charges are shown. 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