Andronicus II Palaeologus, with Michael IX. 1282-1328 AD. Æ Assarion, NGC F

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Seller: sjmint ✉️ (5,479) 100%, Location: Reading, Pennsylvania, US, Ships to: WORLDWIDE & many other countries, Item: 165024169810 Andronicus II Palaeologus, with Michael IX. 1282-1328 AD. Æ Assarion, NGC F. 1282-1328 AD. Æ Assarion, NGC F.Andronikos II Palaiologos (Greek : Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος,romanized : Andrónikos Doúkās Ángelos Komnēnós Palaiologos; 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332).

Andronicus II Palaeologus, with Michael IX. 1282-1328 AD. Æ Assarion, NGC F. Andronikos II Palaiologos  (Greek : Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος, romanized :  Andrónikos Doúkās Ángelos Komnēnós Palaiologos; 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332),[1]  Latinized  as Andronicus II Palaeologus , reigned as Byzantine emperor  from 1282 to 1328. Andronikos' reign marked the beginning of the recently-restored empire's final decline. The Turks conquered most of its remaining Anatolian territories and, during the last years of his reign, he also had to fight his own grandson  in the First Palaiologan Civil War . The war ended in Andronikos' forced abdication in 1328 after which he retired to a monastery for the remainder of his life. Andronikos was born on 25 March 1259, at Nicaea . He was the eldest surviving son of Michael VIII Palaiologos  and Theodora Palaiologina , grandniece of John III Doukas Vatatzes .

Andronikos was acclaimed co-emperor in 1261, after his father Michael VIII recovered Constantinople  from the Latin Empire , but he was not crowned until 8 November 1272.[1]  Sole emperor from 1282, Andronikos II immediately repudiated his father's unpopular Church union with the Papacy , which he had been forced to support while his father was still alive, but he was unable to resolve the related schism within the Orthodox clergy until 1310.

Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties. During his reign the value of the Byzantine hyperpyron  depreciated precipitously, while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue (in nominal coins) that it had previously. Seeking to increase revenue and reduce expenses, Andronikos II raised taxes, reduced tax exemptions, and dismantled the Byzantine fleet (80 ships) in 1285, thereby making the Empire increasingly dependent on the rival republics of Venice  and Genoa .

In 1291, he hired 50–60 Genoese ships, but the Byzantine weakness resulting from the lack of a navy became painfully apparent in the two wars with Venice in 1296–1302 , and later again in 1306–10. In 1320, he tried to resurrect the navy by constructing 20 galleys, but failed.

Andronikos II Palaiologos sought to resolve some of the problems facing the Byzantine Empire  through diplomacy. After the death of his first wife, Anne of Hungary, he married Yolanda (renamed Irene) of Montferrat , putting an end to the Montferrat claim to the Kingdom of Thessalonica .

Andronikos II also attempted to marry off his son and co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos  to the Latin Empress Catherine I of Courtenay , thus seeking to eliminate Western agitation for a restoration of the Latin Empire. Another marriage alliance attempted to resolve the potential conflict with Serbia  in Macedonia , as Andronikos II married off his five-year-old daughter Simonis  to King Stefan Milutin  in 1298

In spite of the resolution of problems in Europe , Andronikos II was faced with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier in Asia Minor , despite the successful, but short, governorships of Alexios Philanthropenos  and John Tarchaneiotes . The successful military victories in Asia Minor by Alexios Philanthropenos  and John Tarchaneiotes  against the Turks were largely dependent on a considerable military contingent of Cretan escapees, or exiles from Venetian-occupied Crete, headed by Hortatzis, whom Michael VIII  had repatriated to Byzantium through a treaty agreement with the Venetians ratified in 1277.Andronikos II had resettled those Cretans in the region of Meander river, the southeastern Asia Minor frontier of Byzantium with the Turks.

After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus , the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company  of Almogavars  (adventurers from Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor  to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.

In spite of some successes, the Catalans were unable to secure lasting gains. Being more ruthless and savage than the enemy they intended to subdue they quarreled with Michael IX, and eventually openly turned on their Byzantine employers after the murder of Roger de Flor in 1305; together with a party of willing Turks they devastated Thrace , Macedonia, and Thessaly  on their road to Latin occupied southern Greece. There they conquered the Duchy of Athens  and Thebes . The Turks continued to penetrate the Byzantine possessions, and Prusa  fell in 1326.

By the end of Andronikos II's reign, much of Bithynia was in the hands of the Ottoman Turks  of Osman I  and his son and heir Orhan .

Karasids  conquered Mysia -region with Paleokastron  after 1296, Germiyan conquered Simav  in 1328, Saruhan captured Magnesia  in 1313, and Aydinids  captured Smyrna  in 1310.

The Empire's problems were exploited by Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria , who defeated Michael IX and conquered much of northeastern Thrace in c. 1305–07. The conflict ended with yet another dynastic marriage, between Michael IX's daughter Theodora and the Bulgarian emperor. The dissolute behavior of Michael IX's son Andronikos III Palaiologos  led to a rift in the family, and after Michael IX's death in 1320, Andronikos II disowned his grandson, prompting a civil war  that raged, with interruptions, until 1328. The conflict precipitated Bulgarian involvement, and Michael Asen III of Bulgaria  attempted to capture Andronikos II under the guise of sending him military support. In 1328 Andronikos III entered Constantinople in triumph and Andronikos II was forced to abdicate.

Andronikos II died as a monk at Constantinople in 1332, and was buried in the Lips Monastery  (now the Fenari Isa Mosque).

  • Era: Ancient
  • Historical Period: Byzantine (300-1400 AD)
  • Certification: NGC

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