1980 Забытый Мир Шумеров- Белицкий SUMERS Belitsky Sumer Sumerian Шумер RUSSIAN

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1980 Забытый Мир Шумеров- Белицкий

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Title: "The Forgotten World of the Sumerians "

("Забытый Мир Шумеров")

Series: On the Trail of the Extinct Civilizations of the East  ( С ерия: По следам исчезнувших культур Востока )

Author(s)/Editor(s): Marian Belitsky (Мариан Белицкий)

Language(s): Russian (Русский)

Publisher: "Nauka" ("Наука")

Place: Moscow, Russia, USSR (Москва, СССР); Year: 1980

Pages: 398; Cover: Hardback; Sizes: 13.5 (W) x 20.5 (H) cm

Condition: Good Vintage Condition: Cover is little worn & has bumped corners. Light foxing. Overall, internally clean; well kept and well preserved pages. For more information regarding book's condition- check provided images or ask us.

 Copies: 10,000; Item's Code: XR-1487

ABOUT:

This rare and unique, limited edition, 1980 illustrated book on the history and culture of the Sumerians, the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia. The author covers a wide range of issues, including the history of the discovery of ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, the political history of the Sumerian city-states, the social structure of Sumerian society, religious ideas, literature, science, trade, law, ad daily life.

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Книга М.Белицкого представляет собой серию популярных очерков, посвященных истории и культуре древних обитателей Двуречья. Автор затрагивает широкий круг вопросов, включая историю открытия древнейших цивилизаций Месопотамии, политическую историю шумерских городов-государств, социальную структуру шумерского общества, религиозные представления, литературу, науку, ремесло, право, быт шумеров.

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ADDITIONAL INFO

Sumer (/ˈʃuːmər/) was the first urban civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the first civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place.

Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform writing emerged in 3000 BC.

Modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), an agglutinative language isolate.

These conjectured, prehistoric people are now called "proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians", and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia. The Ubaidians (though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves) are assumed by modern-day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery.

Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. It has been suggested by them and others, that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples, who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region, and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians lived along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age.

Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians, who spoke a language isolate, and Akkadian-speakers, which included widespread bilingualism. Sumerian culture seems to have appeared as a fully formed civilization, with no pre-history.

The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language.

Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) approximately 2100-2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is considered to have been the world's first city, where three separate cultures may have fused — that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians

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Шуме́р — первая городская цивилизация в исторической области Южная Месопотамия (южная часть современного Ирака) в период халколита и ранней бронзы. Возможно, первая цивилизация в мире.

Уже в середине IV тыс. до н. э. здесь возникает протописьменность. Наиболее древние тексты из городов Урук и Джемдет-Наср датируются примерно 3300 до н. э. Ранние формы клинописи появляются ок. 3000 до н. э.

По мнению ряда современных историков, первые постоянные поселения шумеров на юге Месопотамии появляются между 5500 и 4000 до н. э., о чём свидетельствуют названия городов, рек и т. п. на шумерском языке, который представляет собой агглютинативный изолят.

Эти поселенцы, были они шумерами или нет, являлись носителями культуры Убейд, которая в свою очередь развилась из Самаррской культуры северной части Месопотамии (Ассирии). Хотя убейдцы (их называют также протоевфратцами) не упоминаются ни в одном шумерском тексте, именно их современные историки считают первой цивилизационной силой в Шумере: они осушали болота, занимались сельским хозяйством, торговлей и ремеслом, в том числе ткачеством, производством изделий из кожи и металлов, гончарным делом, возводили здания из камня.

Тем не менее некоторые учёные оспаривают гипотезу о существовании протоевфратского языка, а также мысль о том, что шумерскому языку предшествовал в регионе один языковой субстрат. Высказано предположение, что шумерский язык первоначально был языком не земледельцев Убейдской культуры, а охотников и рыболовов, которые жили в болотистой прибрежной области Восточной Аравии и были в числе носителей Аравийской бифациальной культуры. Достоверные надписи на шумерском языке появляются только в период правления Эн-Мебарагеси (ок. 26 в. до н.э.). Юрис Заринс считает, что шумеры селились вдоль побережья Восточной Аравии, которое оказалось затоплено в конце ледникового периода.

Собственно шумерская цивилизация обрела форму в Урукский период (4 тыс. до н.э.), причём она вступает на историческую арену уже полностью сформированной, словно и не было эпохи преистории. Но уже в течение 3 тыс. до н. э. происходит синтез культур шумеров и семитов — носителей аккадского языка. Взаимное влияние шумерского и аккадского заметно во всех областях от массового лексического заимствования до синтаксической, морфологической и фонологической конвергенции. Это побудило учёных постулировать гипотезу о языковом союзе шумерского и аккадского в 3 тыс. до н. э.[14] Ок. 2270 до н.э. (короткая хронология) Шумер был захвачен семитоязычными царями Аккада, но шумерский язык в течение некоторого времени сохранял статус священного языка.

Шумеры вновь взяли власть в свои руки во время Третьей династии Ура ок. 2100–2000 до н. э., которая была уничтожена семитами-амореями и эламитами.

Tags : Russia, Russian, Russians, USSR, Soviet, Lenin, Stalin, CCCP, Rusko-, red army,

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  • Subject: History
  • Topic: Sumers
  • Original/Facsimile: Original
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • Special Attributes: 1st Edition, Illustrated, Limited Edition
  • Place of Publication: Russia, USSR
  • Year Printed: 1980
  • Author: Marian Belitsky
  • Region: Middle East
  • Language: Russian
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Russian Federation

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