Oklahoma Creek Indian Native American Chief Rolling Cloud Autograph Westerns

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176278959851 OKLAHOMA CREEK INDIAN NATIVE AMERICAN CHIEF ROLLING CLOUD AUTOGRAPH WESTERNS. A VERY RARE AUTOGRAPH OF CHIEF ROLLING CLOUD WHO WAS A NATIVE AMERICAN ACTOR A FULL BLOOD CREEK INDIAN. WITH SKETCH ON A VINTAGE AUTOGRAPH ALBUM PAGE The actor Charles Brunner, was an Dawes-enrolled, full-blood Creek Indian, born in the Creek Nation, Indian Territory, and spoke the Creek Indian language and English fluently. Because of his expertise in the Creek Indian language, Charlie (a nickname) also known as Chief Rolling Cloud, was selected by the state of Oklahoma and the United States Government, to act as one of the official "Creek Indian Language Interpreters", in the infamous Jackson Barnett case. After, Mr. Jackson Barnett (a full-blood Creek Indian) died, a fierce court battle and struggle ensued, among many of his "supposed" beneficiaries. The majority of these beneficiaries spoke only the Creek Indian language, this is the reason why so many Creek Indian language interpreters were involved in the case. The aforementioned case continued on for many years. Mr. Barnett's estate was worth millions from his Oklahoma oil profits. There is a poem written about Charles "Chief Rolling Cloud" "Charlie" Brunner in the book "Poems of Dreams" by Jeff Davis Cypert aka Chief Tahachee, which describes Charlie's involvement in the Jackson Barnett case. Charlie Brunner aka Chief Rolling Cloud (Creek) and Jeff Davis Cypert aka Chief Tahachee (Cherokee) were not only fellow American Indian actor's, but remained lifelong friends. Charles Brunner and Iron Eyes Cody were twin-Godfathers to Chief Tahachee's youngest son, i.e., James Roland "Jimmy" Whiteeagle Cypert. Charlie had one daughter named Margaret Brunner. Charles was a great human being.
The actor Charles Brunner, was an Dawes-enrolled, full-blood Creek Indian, born in the Creek Nation, Indian Territory, and spoke the Creek Indian language and English fluently. Because of his expertise in the Creek Indian language, Charlie (a nickname) also known as Chief Rolling Cloud, was selected by the state of Oklahoma and the United States Government, to act as one of the official "Creek Indian Language Interpreters", in the infamous Jackson Barnett case. After, Mr. Jackson Barnett (a full-blood Creek Indian) died, a fierce court battle and struggle ensued, among many of his "supposed" beneficiaries. The majority of these beneficiaries spoke only the Creek Indian language, this is the reason why so many Creek Indian language interpreters were involved in the case. The aforementioned case continued on for many years. Mr. Barnett's estate was worth millions from his Oklahoma oil profits. There is a poem written about Charles "Chief Rolling Cloud" "Charlie" Brunner in the book "Poems of Dreams" by Jeff Davis Cypert aka Chief Tahachee, which describes Charlie's involvement in the Jackson Barnett case. Charlie Brunner aka Chief Rolling Cloud (Creek) and Jeff Davis Cypert aka Chief Tahachee (Cherokee) were not only fellow American Indian actor's, but remained lifelong friends. Charles Brunner and Iron Eyes Cody were twin-Godfathers to Chief Tahachee's youngest son, i.e., James Roland "Jimmy" Whiteeagle Cypert. Charlie had one daughter named Margaret Brunner. Charles was a great human being. The Muscogee (Creek) Nation, rebranded in May of 2021 as simply the Muscogee Nation,[3] is a federally recognized Native American tribe based in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The nation descends from the historic Creek Confederacy, a large group of indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands. Official languages include Muscogee, Yuchi, Natchez, Alabama, and Koasati, with Muscogee retaining the largest number of speakers. They commonly refer to themselves as Este Mvskokvlke (pronounced [isti məskógəlgi]). Historically, they were often referred to by European Americans as one of the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast.[4] The Muscogee (Creek) Nation is the largest of the federally recognized Muscogee tribes. The Muskogean-speaking Alabama, Koasati, Hitchiti, and Natchez people are also enrolled in this nation. Algonquian-speaking Shawnee[5] and Yuchi (language isolate) are also enrolled in the Muscogee Creek Nation, although historically, the latter two groups were from different language families and cultures than the Muscogee. Other federally recognized Muscogee groups include the Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Kialegee Tribal Town, and Thlopthlocco Tribal Town of Oklahoma; the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, and the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. Contents 1 Jurisdiction 2 Government 2.1 Executive branch 2.2 Legislative branch 2.3 Judicial branch 3 Citizenship 4 Services 5 Economic development 6 Civic institutions 7 Tribal college 8 History 9 Creek Freedmen controversy 10 Notable Muscogee Nation people 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Jurisdiction Muscogee (Creek) Nation Territory (red) Boundaries of the Five Tribes The Muscogee (Creek) Nation is headquartered in Okmulgee, Oklahoma and serves as the seat of tribal government. The Muscogee Nation's Reservation status was affirmed in 2020 by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Sharp v. Murphy, which held that the allotted Muscogee (Creek) Nation reservation in Oklahoma has not been disestablished and therefore retains jurisdiction over tribal citizens in Creek, Hughes, Okfuskee, Okmulgee, Mayes, McIntosh, Muskogee, Rogers, Seminole, Tulsa, and Wagoner counties in Oklahoma.[6] Government Muscogee (Creek) Nation Mound building. Seat of government for both Legislative and Judicial branches of government The government of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Okmulgee is the capital of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and also serves as the seat of government.[7] Opothle Yahola: Muscogee (Creek) Chief circa 1800s Executive branch The Executive branch is led by the Principal Chief, Second Chief, Tribal Administrator, and Secretary of the Nation. The Principal Chief and Second Chief are democratically elected every four years. Citizens cast ballots for both the Principal Chief and Second Chief as they are elected individually. The Principal Chief then chooses staff; some of which must be confirmed by the legislative branch known as The National Council. The current members of the executive branch are as follows: David W. Hill, Principal Chief Del Beaver, Second Chief Legislative branch The legislative branch is the National Council and consists of sixteen members elected to represent the 8 districts within the tribe's jurisdictional area. National Council representatives draft and sponsor the laws and resolutions of the Nation.[7] The eight districts include: Creek, Tulsa, Wagoner, Okfuskee, Muskogee, Okmulgee, McIntosh, and Tukvpvtce (Hughes). Judicial branch Under the inherent sovereign authority of the Mvskoke Nation, the Nation's citizens ratified the modern Mvskoke Nation Constitution on October 6, 1979. The Supreme Court was re-established by Article VII. The Court is vested with exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters that fall under Mvskoke jurisdiction and serves as the final interpretive authority on Mvskoke law. The Court consists of seven justices who serve six-year terms after nomination by the Principal Chief and confirmation by the National Council. Annually, the Court selects from its members a Chief Justice and Vice-Chief Justice. The Justices are as follows:[8] Chief Justice Richard C. Lerblance Vice-Chief Justice Amos McNac Justice Andrew Adams III Justice Montie R. Deer Justice Leah Harjo-Ware Justice Kathleen R Supernaw Justice George Thompson Jr. The Muscogee (Creek) Nation also has its own Bar Association, referred to as the M(C)N Bar Association. The Board members include President Shelly Harrison, Vice President Clinton A. Wilson, and Secretary/Treasurer Greg Meier. The M(C)N Bar Association has Facebook and Twitter accounts for members to stay connected.[9] Citizenship In 2019, the total population of Muscogee (Creek) citizens was 87,344. Oklahoma accounted for 65,070 of this population, with California accounting for 4,787 and Texas with some 4,466 citizens. Tulsa, Oklahoma was the city most populated with citizens at 11,194. The population is split exactly in half, 50% of the citizens are female and 50% are male, with the age range of 18-54 dominating.[10] The criteria for Citizenship is that you must be Creek by Blood and trace back to a direct ancestor listed on the 1906 Dawes Roll by issuance of birth and/or death certificates. The Citizenship Board office is governed by a Citizenship Board consisting of five members. This office provides services to citizens of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma or to potential citizens in giving direction or assisting in the lineage verification process of the Muscogee (Creek) people. The mission of this office is to verify the lineage of descendants of persons listed on the 1906 Dawes Roll. In doing so, research is involved in the whole aspect of attaining citizenship. The Director of the Citizenship Board is Nathan Wilson.[11] Services Spc. Stacy R. Mull, an enrolled Creek from Okemah, makes frybread at a powwow at Camp Taqaddum, Iraq, 2004. The Nation operates its own division of housing and issues vehicle license plates.[1] Their Division of Health contracts with Indian Health Services to maintain the Creek Nation Community Hospital and several community clinics, a vocational rehabilitation program, nutrition programs for children and the elderly, and programs dedicated to diabetes, tobacco prevention, and caregivers.[12] The Muscogee Nation operates the Lighthorse Tribal Police Department, with 43 active employees.[13] The tribe has its own program for enforcing child support payments. The Mvskoke Food Sovereignty Initiative is sponsored by the nation. It educates and encourages tribal members to grow their own traditional foods for health, environmental sustainability, economic development, and sharing of knowledge and community between generations.[14] The Muscogee Nation also operates a Communications Department that produces a bi-monthly newspaper, the Muscogee Nation News, and a weekly television show, the Native News Today. Economic development The tribe operates a budget in excess of $290 million, has over 4,000 employees, and provides services within their jurisdiction.[15] The tribe has both gaming (casino related) and non-gaming businesses. Non-gaming business ventures include both Muscogee Nation Business Enterprise[16] (MNBE) and Onefire.[17] MNBE and Onefire oversee economic development as well as investigating, planning, organizing and operating business ventures projects for the tribe related to non-gaming business.[1] Gaming enterprises consist of 9 stand alone casinos; the largest being River Spirit Casino Resort featuring Margaritaville in Tulsa. The revenue from both gaming and non-gaming business are reinvested to develop new businesses, as well as support the welfare of the tribe. The Muscogee (Creek) Nation also operates two Travel Plaza truck stops. Civic institutions Further information: Creek National Capitol Muscogee (Creek) Nation Council House.jpg The Creek National Capitol, also known as the Council House, was built in 1878 and is located on a landscaped city block in downtown Okmulgee. Exterior walls of the symmetrical Italianate building are constructed of rough-faced sandstone in a coarse ashlar pattern with paired brackets at the cornice. The building measures 100 by 80 feet with two identical entrances on both the north and south elevations. A bracketed porch with a balcony above covers each entrance and 6-over-6, double-hung sash windows line the exterior walls. The hipped roof is crowned with a square wooden cupola, which originally housed bells to call tribal leaders to meetings. The inside of the building is centrally divided by a stair hall, creating an east and west side. The stairs lead to a similarly divided second story. The House of Warriors had a large meeting room on the east side, while the House of Kings had a meeting room, referred to as the Supreme Court Room, on the west side. The capitol served as a meeting place for the legislative branches of the Muscogee Nation until 1907, when Oklahoma became a state. Tribal business in the capitol ended in 1908, when Congress authorized the possession of tribal lands, effectively ceasing tribal sovereignty. From the time of statehood to 1916, the Council House served as the Okmulgee County Courthouse. In 1926, Oklahoma Native Will Rogers visited Okmulgee to entertain a crowd of nearly 2,000. While doing so, he said that it was important to maintain buildings like the Creek National Capitol, since people were speculating on what they would use the Capitol for now that its legislative use had expired. His words had an impact, considering the building is still standing to this day. Since then, the building has served as a sheriff’s office, Boy Scout meeting room, and a YMCA. In 1961, the building was designated as a National Historic Landmark. By 1979, tribal sovereignty had been fully renewed and the Muscogee (Creek) adopted a new constitution. The Creek Council House underwent a full restoration in 1989–1992 and reopened as a museum operated by the City of Okmulgee and the Creek Indian Memorial Association. In 2010, the Muscogee (Creek) Nation purchased the building back from the City of Okmulgee for $3.2 million. It now serves as a museum of tribal history, which is open to the public and exhibits Native American History and culture.[18][19][20] Tribal college College of the Muscogee Nation In 2004, the Muscogee Nation founded a tribal college in Okmulgee, the College of the Muscogee Nation (CMN), one of only 38 Tribal Colleges in the US. CMN is a two-year institution, offering associate degrees in Tribal Services, Police Science, Gaming, and Native American Studies. It offers Mvskoke language, Native American History, Tribal Government, and Indian Land Issue classes as well. The CMN offers financial aid through FAFSA and offers on-campus housing. For the spring trimester in 2018, individual student enrollment was 197. A needs assessment survey revealed that a majority of Muscogee citizens were interested in attending the tribal college. Of 386 tribal citizens from the 8 districts, 86% of those were interested in attending college responded that they would attend a tribal college. When asked if they had others in their family who were interested in attending a tribal college 25% of the survey sample responded yes.[21] History The Nation includes the Creek people and descendants of their African-descended slaves[22] who were forced by the US government to relocate from their ancestral homes in the Southeast to Indian Territory in the 1830s, during the Trail of Tears. They signed another treaty with the federal government in 1856.[23] During the American Civil War, the tribe split into two factions, one allied with the Confederacy and the other, under Opothleyahola, allied with the Union.[24] There were conflicts between pro-Confederate and pro-Union forces in the Indian Territory during the war. The pro-Confederate forces pursued the loyalists who were leaving to take refuge in Kansas. They fought at the Battle of Round Mountain, Battle of Chusto-Talasah, and Battle of Chustenahlah, resulting in 2,000 deaths among the 9,000 loyalists who were leaving.[25] Muscogee Creek beadwork After defeating the Confederacy, the Union required new peace treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes, which had allied with that insurrection. The Treaty of 1866 required the Creek to abolish slavery within their territory and to grant tribal citizenship to those Creek Freedmen who chose to stay in the territory; this citizenship was to include voting rights and shares of annuities and land allotments.[26] If the Creek Freedmen moved out to United States territory, they would be granted United States citizenship, as were other emancipated African Americans.[27] The Creek established a new government in 1866 and selected a new capital of Okmulgee. In 1867 they ratified a new constitution to incorporate elements of the new peace treaty, and their own desire for changes.[4] They built their capitol building in 1867 and enlarged it in 1878. Today the Creek National Capitol is a National Historic Landmark. It now houses the Creek Council House Museum, as more space was needed for the government. During the prosperous final decades of the 19th century, when the tribe had autonomy and minimal interference from the federal government, the Nation built schools, churches, and public houses.[4] At the turn of the century, Congress passed the 1898 Curtis Act, which dismantled tribal governments in another federal government attempt to assimilate the Native American people. The related Dawes Allotment Act required the break-up of communal tribal landholdings to allot land to individual households. This was intended to encourage adoption of the European-American style of subsistence farming and property ownership. It also was a means to extinguish Native American land claims and prepare for admitting Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory as a state, which took place in 1907. The government declared that communal land remaining after allotments to existing households was "surplus". It was classified as excess and made available for sale to non-Natives. This resulted in the Creek and other tribes losing control over much of their former lands. In the hasty process of registration, the Dawes Commission registered tribal members in three categories: they distinguished among "Creek by Blood" and "Creek Freedmen," a category where they listed anyone with visible African ancestry, regardless of their proportion of Creek ancestry; and "Intermarried Whites." The process was so confused that some members of the same families of Freedmen were classified into different groups. The 1906 Five Civilized Tribes Act (April 26, 1906) was passed by the US Congress in anticipation of approving statehood for Oklahoma in 1907. During this time, the Creek had lost more than 2 million acres (8,100 km2) to non-Native settlers and the US government. Later, when Creek communities organized and set up governments under the 1936 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, some former Muscogee tribal towns reorganized that were in former Indian Territory and the Southeast. Some descendants had remained there and preserved cultural continuity. Others reorganized and gained recognition later in the 20th century. The following Muscogee groups have gained federal recognition as tribes: the Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Kialegee Tribal Town, and Thlopthlocco Tribal Town of Oklahoma; the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas, and the Poarch Band of Creeks in Alabama. The Muscogee (Creek) Nation did not reorganize its government and regain federal recognition until 1970. This was an era of increasing Native American activism across the country. In 1979 the tribe ratified a new constitution that replaced the 1866 constitution.[4] The pivotal 1976 court case Harjo v. Kleppe helped end US federal paternalism. It ushered in an era of growing self-determination. Using the Dawes Rolls as a basis for determining membership of descendants, the Nation has enrolled more than 58,000 members, descendants of the allottees. Creek Freedmen controversy From 1981 to 2001, the Creek had membership rules that allowed applicants to use a variety of documentary sources to establish qualifications for membership. In 1979 the Muscogee Nation Constitutional Convention voted to limit citizenship in the Nation to persons who could prove descent by blood, meaning that members had to be able to document direct descent from an ancestor listed on the Dawes Commission roll in the category of "Creek by Blood". Persons proving they are descended from persons listed as Creek by blood can become citizens of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. The 1893 registry was established to identify citizens of the nation at the time of allotment of communal lands and dissolution of the reservation system and tribal government.[28] The 1979 vote on citizenship excluded descendants of persons recorded only as Creek Freedmen in the Dawes Rolls. This decision has been challenged in court by those descendants, according to the 1866 treaty[29] of "Creek Freedmen."[30][31] The Freedmen were listed on the Dawes Rolls. Some descendants can prove by documentation in other registers that they had ancestors with Creek blood. The Freedmen had been listed on a separate register, regardless of their proportion of Creek ancestry. This classification did not acknowledge the unions and intermarriage that had taken place for years between the ethnic groups. Prior to the change in code, Creek Freedmen could use existing registers and the preponderance of evidence to establish qualification for citizenship, and were to be aided by the Citizenship Board. The Creek Freedmen have challenged their exclusion from citizenship in legal actions[32][33] which are pending.[34] Notable Muscogee Nation people Fred Beaver (1911-1980), artist R. Perry Beaver (1938-2014), principal chief, football coach Acee Blue Eagle (1909-1959), actor, artist, author, and educator Ernest Childers (1918-2005), Lt. Col. in the US Army, first Native American WWII Medal of Honor recipient Eddie Chuculate (b. 1972), journalist and fiction writer Helen Chupco (1919-2004), Methodist missionary and tribal councilwoman for 23 years Fred S. Clinton (1874-1955), surgeon Sarah Deer (b. 1972), lawyer, professor of law, and MacArthur Fellow Chitto Harjo (1846-1911), leader of the Crazy Snake Rebellion Joy Harjo (b. 1959), poet and musician, first Native American United States Poet Laureate Suzan Shown Harjo, activist, poet, writer, helped gain legislation for religious freedom, repatriation of American Indian remains and artifacts, and authorization for the National Museum of the American Indian Joan Hill (1930–2020), painter Isparhecher (1829-1902), political activist, traditionalist leader Jack Jacobs (1919-1974), football player William Harjo LoneFight (b. 1966), author, President of Native American Services, languages and cultural activist Alexander McGillivray (Hoboi-Hili-Miko 1750-1793), principal chief of the Upper Creek towns William McIntosh (1775-1825), Creek chief prior to removing to Indian Territory after the Creek War Opothleyahola (1798 - 1863), Muscogee chief, warrior leader during first two Seminole Wars and the Civil War. Grant-Lee Phillips (born Bryan G. Phillips), September 1, 1963 is a singer-songwriter. Pleasant Porter (1840-1907), Principal Chief from 1899-1907 Alexander Posey (1873—1908), poet, humorist, journalist, and politician Allie Reynolds (1917-1994), Professional baseball player for the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees Will Sampson (1933-1987), film actor, noted for his performance in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Dana Tiger (b. 1961), artist Johnny Tiger, Jr. (1940–2015), painter and sculptor France Winddance Twine, sociologist Micah Ian Wright, writer, videogame designer, graphic novelist, and film director[citation needed] William Weatherford (1780-1824), Chief Red Eagle, leader of the Red Sticks in Creek Wars The Muscogee tribe, also called the Creek, was made up of several separate tribes that occupied Georgia and Alabama in the American Colonial Period. Their confederacy, which formed the largest division of the Muscogean family, included other Muscogean tribes such as the Catawba, Iroquois, and Shawnee, as well as the Cherokee. Together, they were sufficiently numerous and powerful to resist attacks from the northern tribes. They received their name from the English on account of the numerous streams in their territory. It is believed that the Creek culture began as a way to guard against other larger conquering Indian tribes of the region. One of the Five Civilized Tribes, they formed the Creek Confederacy with other Muscogean speaking tribes, the Alabama, Hitchiti, and Coushatta. The Creek Confederacy was in constant flux, its numbers and land possessions ever-changing as small bands joined and withdrew from the alliance. Society was organized in matrilineal, exogamous clans, each bearing the name of its totem animal. The economy centered upon agriculture, growing corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, melons, and sweet potatoes. When war erupted in 1813 between the United States and the Red Stick faction of the Creek Nation, a series of raids were launched against the white settlements. These raids culminated in the sacking of Fort Mims, in which 400 settlers were killed. General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend and exacted a disastrous cession of 23 million acres of land from the Creek tribe. Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Alabama Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Alabama When Jackson became president, he forcibly removed the Creek to what is now Oklahoma. Today, the Creek Confederation has its capital in Okmulgee, Oklahoma; but there are a few surviving bands in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Nothing certain can be said of their previous condition, or of the time when the confederacy was established, but it appears from the narratives of the Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto’s expedition that leagues among several of these towns existed in 1540, over which, head chiefs presided. For more than a century before their removal to the west, between 1836 and 1840, the people of the Creek Confederacy occupied some 50 towns, in which were spoken six distinct languages — Muscogee, Hitchiti, Koasati, Yuchi, Natchez, and Shawnee. The first three were of Muscogean stock. About half the confederacy spoke the Muscogean language, which thus constituted the ruling language and gave name to the confederacy. The meaning of the word is unknown. Although an attempt has been made to connect it with the Algonquian, the probabilities seem to favor a southern origin. The people speaking the cognate Hitchiti and Koasati were contemptuously designated as “Stincards” by the dominant Muscogee. The Koasati seem to have included the ancient Alibamu of central Alabama, while the Hitchiti, on lower Chattahoochee River, appear to have been the remnant of the ancient people of southeast Georgia, and claimed to be of more ancient occupancy than the Muscogee. Geographically the towns were grouped as Upper Creek, on the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers in Alabama, and Lower Creek, on the middle or lower Chattahoochee River, on the Alabama-Georgia border. While the Seminole were still a small body confined to the extreme north of Florida, they were frequently spoken of as Lower Creeks. To the Cherokee, the Upper Creeks were known as Ani-Kusa use, from their ancient town of Kusa, or Coosa, while the Lower Creeks were called Ani-Kawita, from, their principal town Kawita, or Coweta. The earlier Seminole emigrants were chiefly from, the Lower Creek towns. The history of the Creek begins with the appearance of De Soto’s array in their country in 1540. Spanish conquistador, Tristan de Luna came in contact with part of the group in 1559, but the only important fact that can be drawn from the record is the deplorable condition into which the people of the sections penetrated by the Spaniards had been brought by their visit. Another Spanish explorer, Juan del Pardo, passed through their country in 1567, but Juan de la Vandera, the chronicler of his expedition, has left little more than a list of unidentifiable names. Creek Warrior by Frederic Remington, 1906 Creek Warrior by Frederic Remington, 1906 The Creek came prominently into history as allies of the English in the Apalachee Wars of 1703-08, and from that period continued almost uniformly as treaty allies of the South Carolina and Georgia colonies, while hostile to the Spaniards of Florida. The only serious revolt of the Creek against the Americans took place in 1813-14, in the well-known Creek war, in which General Andrew Jackson took a prominent part. This ended in the complete defeat of the Indians and the submission of Weatherford, their leader, followed by the cession of the greater part of their lands to the United States. The extended and bloody Seminole War in Florida, from 1835-1843, secured permanent peace with the southern tribes. The removal of the larger part of the Creek and Seminole people and their black slaves to the lands assigned them in Indian Territory took place between 1836 and 1840. The Creek woman was short in stature but well-formed, while the warrior, was generally larger than the Europeans, often above six feet in height, said to have been erect in his carriage, and graceful in every movement. They were described as proud, haughty, and arrogant; brave and valiant in war. As a people, they were more than usually devoted to decoration and ornament, were fond of music, and ball play was their most important game. Marriage outside the clan was the rule, adultery by the wife was punished by the relatives of the husband, and the descent was in the female line. In government, it was a general rule that where one or more clans occupied a town they constituted a tribe under an elected chief, or miko, who was advised by the council of the town in all important matters, while the council appointed the “great warrior” or tustenuggi-hlako. They usually buried their dead in a square pit under the bed where the deceased lay in his house. Certain towns were consecrated to peace ceremonies and were known as “white towns,” while others set apart for war ceremonials were designated as “red towns.” They had several orders of chiefly rank. Their great religious ceremony was the annual puskita, of which, the lighting of the new fire and the drinking of the black drink were important accompaniments. The early statistics of the Creek population are based on mere estimates. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the Creek population may have been about 20,000, occupying from 40 to 60 towns. Estimates made after the removal to Indian Territory placed the population between 15,000 and 20,000. After being forcibly removed to Indian Territory, most of the Lower Muscogee located farms on the Arkansas and Verdigris Rivers. The Upper Muscogee re-established their farms and towns on the Canadian River and its northern branches. The Civil War was disastrous for the Muscogee people, even though the majority of the tribe desire neutrality. The first three battles of the war in Indian Territory occurred when Confederate forces attacked a large neutral band led by Opothle Yahola. Eventually, hundreds of Muscogee men fought on both the Union and Confederate sides. After the war ended, the reconstruction treaty of 1866 required the cession of approximately half of the Muscogee land — some 3.2 million acres. In 1867, the Muscogee people adopted a written constitution, which provided for a Principal Chief and a Second Chief, a judicial branch, and two legislative chambers composed of a House of Kings (similar to the Senate) and a House of Warriors (similar to the House of Representatives.) Representation in both houses of this Legislative assembly was determined by each tribal town. A new capitol was established the same year at Okmulgee. In 1878 the tribal government constructed a native stone Council House. Today, it serves as the Council House Museum in the center of the modern city of Okmulgee. This “constitutional” period lasted for the remainder of the 19th century. However, in the late 1800s, the Dawes Commission began negotiating with the Muscogee Nation for the allotment of land and in 1898, Congress passed the Curtis Act which required for the dismantling of the National governments of the Five Civilized Tribes. In 1904 the “Creeks by blood” living in the Creek Nation, numbered 9,905, while Creek freedmen aggregated 5,473. The number of acres in their reserve in 1885 was 3,215,395. Council House Museum, Okmulgee, Oklahoma Council House Museum, Okmulgee, Oklahoma In the early 20th century, the process of allotting lands to individual citizens was completed, but, dismantling of the Muscogee government was never fully executed, as the nation continued to maintain a Principal Chief Long after the partial dismantling of the nation’s government, the tribe drafted and adopted a new constitution in the 1970s. They also revitalized the National Council and began challenging the earlier demands of the Federal Government in the Supreme Court, which affirmed the Nation’s sovereign rights to maintain their own court system and levy taxes. Today, the Muscogee tribe is a federally recognized Indian Nation, with their capitol continuing to be in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. There are also federally recognized Creek tribes in Alabama. Other bands in Alabama and Georgia are recognized by the state but their requests for federal recognition have been denied. Other Muscogee living in Florida and Texas have not been recognized by either state or federal governments.
Oklahoma (/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ (listen))[26] is a state in the South Central region of the United States,[27] bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. Partially in the western extreme of the Upland South, it is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its residents are known as Oklahomans (or colloquially "Okies"), and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla, 'people' and humma, which translates as 'red'.[28] Oklahoma is also known informally by its nickname, "The Sooner State", in reference to the settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory. Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16, 1907. With ancient mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, and the U.S. Interior Highlands, all regions prone to severe weather.[29] Oklahoma is at a confluence of three major American cultural regions. Historically it served as a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans removed from east of the Mississippi River, a route for cattle drives from Texas and related regions, and a destination for Southern migrant settlers. There are currently twenty-five Native American languages still spoken in Oklahoma.[30] A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology.[31] Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas.[32] Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Settlements 2.2 20th and 21st centuries 3 Geography 3.1 Topography 3.2 Flora and fauna 3.3 Protected lands 3.4 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Race and ethnicity 4.3 Cities and towns 4.4 Language 4.4.1 English 4.4.2 Native American languages 4.4.3 Other languages 4.5 Religion 4.6 Incarceration 5 Economy 5.1 Industry 5.2 Energy 5.2.1 Wind generation 5.3 Agriculture 6 Education 6.1 Non-English education 7 Culture 7.1 Arts 7.2 Festivals and events 7.3 Sports 7.3.1 Current professional teams 8 Health 8.1 Life expectancy 9 Media 10 Transportation 11 Law and government 11.1 State government 11.2 Local government 11.3 National politics 11.4 Military 12 Cities and towns 12.1 Major cities 13 State symbols 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links 18.1 Government 18.2 Tourism and recreation 18.3 Culture and history 18.4 Maps and demographics Etymology The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw language phrase okla, 'people', and humma, translated as 'red'.[28][33] Choctaw Nation Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government on the use of Indian Territory. He envisioned an all–American Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after that area was opened to white settlers.[34][35][36] In the Chickasaw language, the state is known as Oklahomma', in Arapaho as bo'oobe' (literally meaning 'red earth'),[37] Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa,[38] and Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh.[39] History Main article: History of Oklahoma Map of Indian Territory (Oklahoma), 1889, Britannica 9th edition Map of the Confederate States with allied tribes (in present-day Oklahoma) Settlements Indigenous peoples were present in what is now Oklahoma by the last ice age.[40] Ancestors of the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (including Teyas and Escanjaques and Tawakoni), Tonkawa,[41] and Caddo (including Kichai) lived in what is now Oklahoma. Southern Plains villagers lived in the central and west of the state, with a subgroup, the Panhandle culture people living in the panhandle region. Caddoan Mississippian culture peoples lived in the eastern part of the state. Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, was a major Mississippian mound complex that flourished between AD 850 and 1450.[42][43] Plains Apache people settled in the Southern Plains and in Oklahoma between 1300 and 1500.[44] The Expedition of Spaniard Francisco Vázquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541,[45] but French explorers claimed the area in the early 18th century.[46] By the 18th century, Comanche and Kiowa entered the region from the west and Quapaw and Osage peoples moved into what is now eastern Oklahoma. French colonists claimed the region until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.[45] The territory was a part of the Arkansas Territory from 1819 until 1828.[47] During the 19th century, the US federal government forcibly removed tens of thousands of Native Americans from their homelands from across North America and transported them to the area including and surrounding present-day Oklahoma. The Choctaw was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed from the Southeastern United States. The phrase "Trail of Tears" originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831, although the term is usually used for the Cherokee removal.[48] Seventeen thousand Cherokees and 2,000 of their black slaves were deported.[49] The area, already occupied by Osage and Quapaw tribes, was called for the Choctaw Nation until revised Native American and then later American policy redefined the boundaries to include other Native Americans. By 1890, more than 30 Native American nations and tribes had been concentrated on land within Indian Territory or "Indian Country".[50] All Five Civilized Tribes supported and signed treaties with the Confederate military during the American Civil War.[51] The Cherokee Nation had an internal civil war.[52] Slavery in Indian Territory was not abolished until 1866.[53] In the period between 1866 and 1899,[45] cattle ranches in Texas strove to meet the demands for food in eastern cities and railroads in Kansas promised to deliver in a timely manner. Cattle trails and cattle ranches developed as cowboys either drove their product north or settled illegally in Indian Territory.[45] In 1881, four of five major cattle trails on the western frontier traveled through Indian Territory.[54] Increased presence of white settlers in Indian Territory prompted the United States Government to establish the Dawes Act in 1887, which divided the lands of individual tribes into allotments for individual families, encouraging farming and private land ownership among Native Americans but expropriating land to the federal government. In the process, railroad companies took nearly half of Indian-held land within the territory for outside settlers and for purchase.[55] The Dust Bowl sent thousands of farmers into poverty during the 1930s. Major land runs, including the Land Run of 1889, were held for settlers where certain territories were opened to settlement starting at a precise time. Usually land was open to settlers on a first come first served basis.[56] Those who broke the rules by crossing the border into the territory before the official opening time were said to have been crossing the border sooner, leading to the term sooners, which eventually became the state's official nickname.[57] Deliberations to make the territory into a state began near the end of the 19th century, when the Curtis Act continued the allotment of Indian tribal land.[citation needed] 20th and 21st centuries Main articles: Organic act § List of organic acts, Oklahoma Territory, Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union This map of the ‘State of Sequoyah’ was compiled from the USGS Map of Indian Territory (1902), revised to include the county divisions made under direction of Sequoyah Statehood Convention (1905), by D.W. Bolich, a civil engineer at Muskogee. Attempts to create an all-Indian state named Oklahoma and a later attempt to create an all-Indian state named Sequoyah failed but the Sequoyah Statehood Convention of 1905 eventually laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma Statehood Convention, which took place two years later.[58] On June 16, 1906, Congress enacted a statute authorizing the people of the Oklahoma and Indian Territories (as well what would become the states of Arizona and New Mexico) to form a constitution and state government in order to be admitted as a state.[59] On November 16, 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt issued Presidential Proclamation no. 780, establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state in the Union.[60] The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was one of the deadliest acts of terrorism in American history. The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy.[61] In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.[62] Oklahoma also has a rich African-American history. Many Black towns, founded by the Freedmen of the Five Tribes during Reconstruction, thrived in the early 20th century with the arrival of Black Exodusters who migrated from neighboring states, especially Kansas. The politician Edward P. McCabe encouraged Black settlers to come to what was then Indian Territory. McCabe discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt the possibility of making Oklahoma a majority-Black state.[citation needed] By the early 20th century, the Greenwood district of Tulsa was one of the most prosperous African-American communities in the United States.[63] Jim Crow laws had established racial segregation since before the start of the 20th century, but Tulsa's Black residents had created a thriving area.[citation needed] Social tensions were exacerbated by the revival of the Ku Klux Klan after 1915. The Tulsa race massacre broke out in 1921, with White mobs attacking Black people and carrying out a pogrom in Greenwood. In one of the costliest episodes of racist violence in American history, sixteen hours of rioting resulted in 35 city blocks destroyed, $1.8 million in property damage, and a death toll estimated at between 75 and 300 people.[64] By the late 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan had declined to negligible influence within the state.[65] During the 1930s, parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices. This period was known as the Dust Bowl, throughout which areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall, strong winds, abnormally high temperatures, and most notably, severe dust storms sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States.[66] Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl. Soil and water conservation projects markedly changed practices in the state and led to the construction of massive flood control systems and dams; they built hundreds of reservoirs and man-made lakes to supply water for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation. By the 1960s, Oklahoma had created more than 200 lakes, the most in the nation.[29][67] The former reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes in dispute in McGirt v. Oklahoma In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of the most destructive act of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh detonated a large, crude explosive device outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. For his crime, McVeigh was executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001. His accomplice, Terry Nichols, is serving life in prison without parole for helping plan the attack and prepare the explosive.[68] On May 31, 2016, several cities experienced record setting flooding.[69][70] On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States determined in McGirt v. Oklahoma that the reservations of the Five Tribes, comprising much of Eastern Oklahoma, were never disestablished by Congress and thus are still "Indian Country" for the purposes of criminal law.[71] Geography Main article: Geography of Oklahoma See also: List of Oklahoma tri-points Köppen climate types of Oklahoma Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,899 square miles (181,040 km2), with 68,595 square miles (177,660 km2) of land and 1,304 square miles (3,380 km2) of water.[72] It lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bordered on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas. Topography See also: List of lakes in Oklahoma Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed,[73] generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary.[74][75] Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.[76] Among the most geographically diverse states, Oklahoma is one of four to harbor more than 10 distinct ecological regions, with 11 in its borders—more per square mile than in any other state.[29] Its western and eastern halves, however, are marked by extreme differences in geographical diversity: Eastern Oklahoma touches eight ecological regions and its western half contains three. Although having fewer ecological regions Western Oklahoma contains many rare, relic species.[29] Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains.[74] Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains are the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.[77] A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and near the state's eastern border, The Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department regards Cavanal Hill as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot.[78] The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannas cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.[75][79] More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma's waterways, and with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the nation's highest number of artificial reservoirs.[78] Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers, though the Lee and Little rivers also contain significant drainage basins.[79] Turner Falls   State rock (rose rock) specimens from Cleveland County   Illinois River in northeastern Oklahoma   Elk Mountain, in the eastern Wichita Mountains, southwestern Oklahoma   Wichita Mountains Narrows   The Ouachita Mountains cover much of southeastern Oklahoma.   Grave Creek in McIntosh County   Mesas rise above one of Oklahoma's state parks Flora and fauna See also: List of fauna of Oklahoma Populations of American bison inhabit the state's prairie ecosystems. Due to Oklahoma's location at the confluence of many geographic regions, the state's climatic regions have a high rate of biodiversity. Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma[78] and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses.[80] Where rainfall is sparse in the state's western regions, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the panhandle's far western reaches.[80] Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina and Texas live oak.[81] Marshlands, cypress forests and mixtures of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, blue palmetto, and deciduous forests dominate the state's southeastern quarter, while mixtures of largely post oak, elm, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and pine forests cover northeastern Oklahoma.[79][80][82] The state holds populations of white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, American bison, greater prairie chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, gray fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also, in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator.[80] Protected lands Oklahoma has fifty-one state parks,[83] six national parks or protected regions,[84] two national protected forests or grasslands,[85] and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas. Six percent of the state's 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of forest is public land,[82] including the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest, the largest and oldest national forest in the Southern United States.[86] With 39,000 acres (160 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only ten percent of its former land area, once covering fourteen states.[87] In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma.[88] The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine National Wildlife Refuges in the state[89] and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).[90] Of Oklahoma's federally protected parks or recreational sites, the Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest, with 9,898.63 acres (40.0583 km2).[91] Other sites include the Santa Fe and Trail of Tears national historic trails, the Fort Smith and Washita Battlefield national historic sites, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial.[84] Climate Further information: Climate change in Oklahoma Oklahoma's climate is prime for the generation of thunderstorms. Winter at the Oklahoma Baptist University campus Oklahoma is in a humid subtropical region[92] which lies in a transition zone between semi-arid further to the west, humid continental to the north, and humid subtropical to the east and southeast. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth.[76] An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year—one of the highest rates in the world.[93] Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances, and they can change drastically in a short time.[76] On November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F (28 °C) (the record high for that date), then a cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to reach 17 °F (−8 °C) (the record low for that date) by midnight.[94] This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour.[95] The humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Köppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture.[92] Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 in (1,020 mm) and up to 56 in (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under 17 in (430 mm).[96] Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma, with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years. Severe drought is common in the hottest summers, such as those of 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and highs well over 100 °F (38 °C). Average precipitation rises again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wetter season, then declines from late October through December.[76] The entire state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) or below 0 °F (−18 °C),[92] though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 in (102 mm) in the south to just over 20 in (508 mm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle.[76] The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Division, all part of the National Weather Service and in Norman.[97] Monthly temperatures for Oklahoma's largest cities[98][99] City Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Oklahoma City Avg. high 50 °F (10 °C) 55 °F (13 °C) 63 °F (17 °C) 73 °F (23 °C) 80 °F (27 °C) 88 °F (31 °C) 94 °F (34 °C) 93 °F (34 °C) 85 °F (29 °C) 73 °F (23 °C) 62 °F (17 °C) 51 °F (11 °C) Avg. low 29 °F (−2 °C) 33 °F (1 °C) 41 °F (5 °C) 50 °F (10 °C) 60 °F (16 °C) 68 °F (20 °C) 72 °F (22 °C) 71 °F (22 °C) 63 °F (17 °C) 52 °F (11 °C) 40 °F (4 °C) 31 °F (−1 °C) Tulsa Avg. high 48 °F (9 °C) 53 °F (12 °C) 62 °F (17 °C) 72 °F (22 °C) 79 °F (26 °C) 88 °F (31 °C) 93 °F (34 °C) 93 °F (34 °C) 84 °F (29 °C) 73 °F (23 °C) 61 °F (16 °C) 49 °F (9 °C) Avg. low 27 °F (−3 °C) 31 °F (−1 °C) 40 °F (4 °C) 49 °F (9 °C) 59 °F (15 °C) 68 °F (20 °C) 73 °F (23 °C) 71 °F (22 °C) 62 °F (17 °C) 51 °F (11 °C) 40 °F (4 °C) 30 °F (−1 °C) Lawton Avg. high 50 °F (10 °C) 56 °F (13 °C) 65 °F (18 °C) 73 °F (23 °C) 82 °F (28 °C) 90 °F (32 °C) 96 °F (36 °C) 95 °F (35 °C) 86 °F (30 °C) 76 °F (24 °C) 62 °F (17 °C) 52 °F (11 °C) Avg. low 26 °F (−3 °C) 31 °F (−1 °C) 40 °F (4 °C) 49 °F (9 °C) 59 °F (15 °C) 68 °F (20 °C) 73 °F (23 °C) 71 °F (22 °C) 63 °F (17 °C) 51 °F (11 °C) 39 °F (4 °C) 30 °F (−1 °C) Demographics Main article: Demographics of Oklahoma The people of Oklahoma, known as Okies, can be of any race or ethnicity. An Okie is a resident, native, or cultural descendant of Oklahoma. Population Oklahoma population density map Historical population Census Pop. %± 1890 258,657 — 1900 790,391 205.6% 1910 1,657,155 109.7% 1920 2,028,283 22.4% 1930 2,396,040 18.1% 1940 2,336,434 −2.5% 1950 2,233,351 −4.4% 1960 2,328,284 4.3% 1970 2,559,229 9.9% 1980 3,025,290 18.2% 1990 3,145,585 4.0% 2000 3,450,654 9.7% 2010 3,751,351 8.7% 2020 3,963,516 5.7% 2021 (est.) 3,986,639 0.6% U.S. Decennial Census[100] The United States Census Bureau estimates Oklahoma's population was 3,963,516 during the 2020 United States Census, a 5.66% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[101] In 2010, the center of population of Oklahoma was in Lincoln County near the town of Sparks.[102] The state's 2006 per capita personal income ranked 37th at $32,210, though it has the third-fastest-growing per capita income in the U.S.[103] Oklahoma ranks consistently among the lowest states in cost of living index.[104] In 2011, 7.0% of Oklahomans were under the age of 5, 24.7% under 18, and 13.7% were 65 or older. Females made up 50.5% of the population.[105] Race and ethnicity As of the 2010 Census, 72.2% of the population was white, 8.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 7.4% black or African American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 4.1% from some other race and 5.9% of two or more races. 8.9% of Oklahoma's population were of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Historical racial demographics  Racial composition 1940[106] 1970[106] 1990[106] 2010[107] White 90.1% 89.1% 81% 72.2% Hispanic – – 2.7% 8.9% Native 2.7% 3.8% 8% 8.6% Black 7.2% 6.7% 7.4% 7.4% Asian (Included Pacific Islanders before 1990) - 0.1% 1.1% 1.7% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander – – – 0.1% Other race – 0.2% 1.3% 4.1% Two or more races – – – 5.9% Oklahoma Race by Ethnicity without "Two or more races" category  Racial composition 2010[108] 2020[108] White 77.5% 75.5% Hispanic 8.9% 11.9% Native 12.9% 16% Black 8.7% 9.7% Asian 2.2% 3.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 0.2% 0.4% Other race 4.7% 9% In 2005, Oklahoma's estimated ancestral makeup was 14.5% German, 13.1% American, 11.8% Irish, 9.6% English, 8.1% African American, and 11.4% Native American (including 7.9% Cherokee)[109] though the percentage of people claiming American Indian as their only race was 8.1%.[110] Most people from Oklahoma who self-identify as having American ancestry are of overwhelmingly English and Scots-Irish ancestry with significant amounts of Scottish, Welsh and Irish inflection as well.[111][112] Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Areas (teal) In 2011, 47.3% of Oklahoma's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[113] In 2011, U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey data from 2005 to 2009 indicated about 5% of Oklahoma's residents were born outside the United States. This is lower than the national figure (about 12.5% of U.S. residents were foreign-born).[114] Cities and towns The state is in the U.S. Census' Southern region. According to the 2020 United States Census, Oklahoma is the 28th-most populous state with 3,963,516 inhabitants but the 19th-largest by land area spanning 68,594.92 square miles (177,660.0 km2) of land.[115] In 2010, Oklahoma was divided into 77 counties and contains 597 incorporated municipalities consisting of cities and towns.[116] In Oklahoma, cities are all those incorporated communities which are 1,000 or more in population and are incorporated as cities.[117] Towns are limited to town board type of municipal government. Cities may choose among aldermanic, mayoral, council-manager, and home-rule charter types of government.[118] Cities may also petition to incorporate as towns.[119] The Oklahoma City suburb Nichols Hills is first on Oklahoma locations by per capita income at $73,661, though Tulsa County holds the highest average.[120][121]    Largest cities or towns in Oklahoma Source (2020):[122] Rank Name County Pop. Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Tulsa Tulsa 1 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 681,054 Norman Norman Broken Arrow Broken Arrow 2 Tulsa Tulsa 413,066 3 Norman Cleveland 128,026 4 Broken Arrow Tulsa 113,540 5 Edmond Oklahoma 94,428 6 Lawton Comanche 90,381 7 Moore Cleveland 62,793 8 Midwest City Oklahoma 58,409 9 Enid Garfield 51,308 10 Stillwater Payne 48,394 Language 1:08 Recording of a Cherokee language stomp dance ceremony in Oklahoma Located in Tahlequah, this stop sign includes Cherokee lettering English The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010.[123] The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects.[124] In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population, five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990.[124] 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English at home in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the state's population.[124] Native American languages The two most commonly spoken native North American languages are Cherokee and Choctaw with 10,000 Cherokee speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma, and another 10,000 Choctaw speakers living in the Choctaw Nation directly south of the Cherokees.[125] Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.[5][6][7] Twenty-five Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma,[30] second only to California. However, only Cherokee, if any, exhibits some language vitality at present. Ethnologue sees Cherokee as moribund because the only remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent generation and older. Other languages Top 10 non-English languages spoken in Oklahoma Language Percentage of population (as of 2000)[124] Spanish 4.4% Native North American languages 0.6% German and Vietnamese (tied) 0.4% French 0.3% Chinese 0.2% Korean, Arabic, Tagalog, Japanese (tied) 0.1% Spanish is the second-most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000.[124] German has 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the state's population,[124] and Vietnamese is spoken by 11,330 people,[124] or about 0.4% of the population,[124] many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%).[124] Religion The Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa is a National Historic Landmark. Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the "Bible Belt". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, with the Republican Party having the greater number of voters registered between the two parties.[126] Tulsa, the state's second-largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the "buckle of the Bible Belt".[127][128] In 2000, there were about 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims, with ten congregations to each group.[129] According to the Pew Research Center in 2008, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents were Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. The percentage of Catholics was half the national average, while the percentage of Evangelical Protestants was more than twice the national average (tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state).[130] The Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Oklahoma City In 2010, the state's largest church memberships were in the Southern Baptist Convention (886,394 members), the United Methodist Church (282,347), the Roman Catholic Church (178,430), and the Assemblies of God (85,926) and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) [131] (47,349). Other religions represented in the state include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.[132] According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents were Christian accounting for 79 percent of the population, 9 percent higher than the national average.[133] The percentage of Evangelical Protestants declined since the last study, but they remain the largest religious group in the state at 47 percent, over 20 percent higher than the national average.[133] The largest growth over the six years between Pew's 2008 and 2014 survey was in the number of people who identify as Unaffiliated in the state with an increase of 6 percent. Religious Affiliation in Oklahoma Religion 2008[129][b] 2014[134] Evangelical Protestant 53% 47% Mainline Protestant 16% 18% Historically Black Protestant 3% 4% Catholic 12% 8% Mormon <0.5% 1% Orthodox Christianity <0.5% <1% Jehovah's Witness <0.5% <1% Other Christians 1% <1% Jewish 1% <1% Muslim <0.5% <1% Buddhist 1% <1% Hindu <0.5% <1% Other World Faiths <0.5% <1% Unaffiliated, Atheist, Agnostic, and nothing in particular 12% 18% Unitarians, Humanists, Deists, Spiritual but not religious, Eclectic, and "other liberal faiths" No data <1% New Age religion, Pagans or Wiccan No data <1% Native American religions No data <1% Don't Know 1% 1% Incarceration Oklahoma has been described as "the world's prison capital", with 1,079 of every 100,000 residents imprisoned in 2018, the highest incarceration rate of any state, and by comparison, higher than the incarceration rates of any country in the world.[135][136] Economy Main article: Economy of Oklahoma See also: Oklahoma locations by per capita income The BOK Tower of Tulsa, Oklahoma's second-tallest building, serves as the world headquarters for Williams Companies. Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food.[31] The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat.[137] Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma,[138] and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation,[139] with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007.[140] Total employment (2018): 1,385,228 Number of employer establishments: 93,561[141] In 2010, Oklahoma City-based Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores ranked 18th on the Forbes list of largest private companies, Tulsa-based QuikTrip ranked 37th, and Oklahoma City-based Hobby Lobby ranked 198th in 2010 report.[142] Oklahoma's gross domestic product grew from $131.9 billion in 2006 to $147.5 billion in 2010, a jump of 10.6 percent.[143] Oklahoma's gross domestic product per capita was $35,480 in 2010, which was ranked 40th among the states.[144] Though oil has historically dominated the state's economy, a collapse in the energy industry during the 1980s led to the loss of nearly 90,000 energy-related jobs between 1980 and 2000, severely damaging the local economy.[145] Oil accounted for 35 billion dollars in Oklahoma's economy in 2007,[146] and employment in the state's oil industry was outpaced by five other industries in 2007.[147] As of September 2020, the state's unemployment rate is 5.3%.[148] Industry In mid-2011, Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1.7 million and non-farm employment fluctuated around 1.5 million.[147] The government sector provides the most jobs, with 339,300 in 2011, followed by the transportation and utilities sector, providing 279,500 jobs, and the sectors of education, business, and manufacturing, providing 207,800, 177,400, and 132,700 jobs, respectively.[147] Among the state's largest industries, the aerospace sector generates $11 billion annually.[139] Tulsa is home to the largest airline maintenance base in the world, which serves as the global maintenance and engineering headquarters for American Airlines.[149] In total, aerospace accounts for more than 10 percent of Oklahoma's industrial output, and it is one of the top 10 states in aerospace engine manufacturing.[31] Because of its position in the center of the United States, Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistic centers, and a major contributor to weather-related research.[139] The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest-growing biotechnology industries in the nation.[139] In 2005, international exports from Oklahoma's manufacturing industry totaled $4.3 billion, accounting for 3.6 percent of its economic impact.[150] Tire manufacturing, meat processing, oil and gas equipment manufacturing, and air conditioner manufacturing are the state's largest manufacturing industries.[151] Energy A major oil-producing state, Oklahoma is the fifth-largest producer of crude oil in the United States.[146] Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, and its fifth-largest producer of crude oil. The state also has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs,[146][152] and it is even ranked fifth in crude oil reserves.[153] While the state was ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011,[154] it still was at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy in 2009, with 94% of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25% from coal and 46% from natural gas.[155] Ten years later in 2019, 53.5% of electricity was produced from natural gas and 34.6% from wind power.[156] Oklahoma has no nuclear power plants. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009,[157] the state's energy costs were eighth-lowest in the nation.[158] As a whole, the oil energy industry contributes $35 billion to Oklahoma's gross domestic product (GDP), and employees of the state's oil-related companies earn an average of twice the state's typical yearly income.[146] In 2009, the state had 83,700 commercial oil wells churning 65.374 million barrels (10,393,600 m3) of crude oil.[159] 8.5% of the nation's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma, with 1.673 trillion cubic feet (47.4 km3) being produced in 2009.[159] The Oklahoma Stack Play is a geographic referenced area in the Anadarko Basin. The oil field "Sooner Trend", Anadarko basin and the counties of Kingfisher and Canadian make up the basis for the "Oklahoma STACK". Other Plays such as the Eagle Ford are geological rather than geographical.[160] According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation,[161] and all Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related.[138] Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second- and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine.[162] The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company.[162] Oklahoma Gas & Electric, commonly referred to as OG&E (NYSE: OGE) operates four base electric power plants in Oklahoma. Two of them are coal-fired power plants: one in Muskogee, and the other in Red Rock. Two are gas-fired power plants: one in Harrah and the other in Konawa. OG&E was the first electric company in Oklahoma to generate electricity from wind farms in 2003.[163] Wind generation Main article: Wind power in Oklahoma Agriculture The 27th-most agriculturally productive state, Oklahoma is fifth in cattle production and fifth in production of wheat.[137][164] Approximately 5.5 percent of American beef comes from Oklahoma, while the state produces 6.1 percent of American wheat, 4.2 percent of American pig products, and 2.2 percent of dairy products.[137] The state had 85,500 farms in 2012, collectively producing $4.3 billion in animal products and fewer than one billion dollars in crop output with more than $6.1 billion added to the state's gross domestic product.[137] Poultry and swine are its second- and third-largest agricultural industries.[164] Education See also: List of school districts in Oklahoma and List of colleges and universities in Oklahoma Oklahoma's system of public regional universities includes Northeastern State University in Tahlequah. With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008.[165] Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009–10 school year.[166] Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, and was 47th in the nation in expenditures per student,[165] though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd.[167] The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it "a model for early childhood schooling".[168] High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate.[169] In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among Southern states.[170][171] According to a study conducted by the Pell Institute, Oklahoma ranks 48th in college-participation for low-income students.[172] The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, the University of Central Oklahoma, and Northeastern State University are the largest public institutions of higher education in Oklahoma, each operating through one primary campus and satellite campuses throughout the state. The two state universities, along with Oklahoma City University and the University of Tulsa, rank among the country's best in undergraduate business programs.[173] Oklahoma City University School of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and University of Tulsa College of Law are the state's only ABA-accredited institutions. Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 1 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 68th and the University of Tulsa ranked 86th in the nation.[174] Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities,[175] including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River,[176] also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma[177] and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount.[176][178] Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007,[179] and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.[165] In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278-degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component.[180] Beginning on April 2, 2018, tens of thousands of K–12 public school teachers went on strike due to lack of funding. According to the National Education Association, teachers in Oklahoma had ranked 49th out of the 50 states in terms of teacher pay in 2016. The Oklahoma Legislature had passed a measure a week earlier to raise teacher salaries by $6,100, but it fell short of the $10,000 raise for teachers, $5,000 raise for other school employees, and $200 million increase in extra education funding many had sought.[181] A survey in 2019 found that the pay raise obtained by the strike lifted the State's teacher pay ranking to 34th in the nation.[182] Non-English education Writing in Cherokee The Cherokee Nation instigated a ten-year plan in 2005 that involved growing new speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood as well as speaking it exclusively at home.[183] The plan was part of an ambitious goal that in fifty years would have at least 80% of their people fluent.[184] The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used.[184] A Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.[185] Culture The Pioneer Woman statue in Ponca City, by Bryant Baker (1930) Oklahoma is placed in the South by the United States Census Bureau,[27] but other definitions place the state at least partly in the Southwest, Midwest,[186] Upland South,[187] and Great Plains.[188] Oklahomans have a high rate of English, Scotch-Irish, German, and Native American ancestry,[189] with 25 different native languages spoken.[30] Because many Native Americans were forced to move to Oklahoma when White settlement in North America increased, Oklahoma has much linguistic diversity. Mary Linn, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma and the associate curator of Native American languages at the Sam Noble Museum, notes Oklahoma also has high levels of language endangerment.[190] Sixty-seven Native American tribes are represented in Oklahoma,[45] including 39 federally recognized tribes, who are headquartered and have tribal jurisdictional areas in the state.[191] Western ranchers, Native American tribes, Southern settlers, and eastern oil barons have shaped the state's cultural predisposition, and its largest cities have been named among the most underrated cultural destinations in the United States.[192] Residents of Oklahoma are associated with traits of Southern hospitality—the 2006 Catalogue for Philanthropy (with data from 2004) ranks Oklahomans 7th in the nation for overall generosity.[193] The state has also been associated with a negative cultural stereotype first popularized by John Steinbeck's 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath, which described the plight of uneducated, poverty-stricken Dust Bowl-era farmers deemed "Okies".[194][195] However, the term is often used in a positive manner by Oklahomans.[194] Arts Further information: List of Native American artists from Oklahoma Philbrook Museum of Art, one of the nation's top fifty[196] In the state's largest urban areas, pockets of jazz culture flourish,[197] and Native American, Mexican American, and Asian American communities produce music and art of their respective cultures.[198] The Oklahoma Mozart Festival in Bartlesville is one of the largest classical music festivals on the southern plains,[199] and Oklahoma City's Festival of the Arts has been named one of the top fine arts festivals in the nation.[197] The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States.[197] The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The university program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States.[200][201] In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called "Discoveryland!" (since closed) is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma![202] Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma,[203] starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!,[204][205][206][207] playing the role of "Curly McClain" in more than 2,600 performances.[204][208] In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast.[208] Bond was instrumental in the Oklahoma! title song becoming the Oklahoma state song[203][209] and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary.[204][210] Historically, the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the "Carnegie Hall of Western Swing",[211] served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s.[212] Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers. Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Lyric Theatre of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies. Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums.[197] The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States,[196] and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region.[197] The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.[213] The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles.[214] The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world,[215] and Oklahoma City's National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier.[197] With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States.[216] Festivals and events National Powwow dancer of the Cherokee of Oklahoma, 2007 Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association,[217] and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events, and include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions. Oklahoma City is home to a few reoccurring events and festivals. During a ten-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people[218] along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Large national pow wows, various Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Oklahoma City Pride Parade has been held annually in late June since 1987 in the gay district of Oklahoma City on 39th and Penn.[219] The First Friday Art Walk in the Paseo Arts District is an art appreciation festival held the first Friday of every month.[220] Additionally, an annual art festival is held in the Paseo on Memorial Day Weekend.[221] The Tulsa State Fair attracts more than a million people each year during its ten-day run,[222] and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 in four days during 2007.[223] In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today. Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "largest weekend event and the third-largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation".[224] Sports The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas–Fort Worth after that season[225] and became the Dallas Wings.[226] Oklahoma has teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the Triple-A and Double-A levels (the Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio, Texas. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA G League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League.[227] Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA. The Oklahoma City Thunder moved there in 2008, becoming its first permanent major-league team in any sport. Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference,[228] one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games.[229] The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation.[230][231] Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference,[232] while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football,[233] is a member of the Summit League.[234] In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of three different conferences,[235][236][237] and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference.[238] Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa.[239] Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation, Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships, including one in 2007, and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001.[240] Rodeos are popular throughout the state, and Guymon, in the state's panhandle, hosts one of the largest in the nation.[241] ESPN called Oklahoma City "the center of the softball universe", specifically referring to the fast-pitch version, in a 2020 story. Oklahoma City is home to the governing body of the sport in the United States, USA Softball, which has its headquarters in a complex that also includes the USA Softball Hall of Fame Stadium. It annually hosts the Women's College World Series, the eight-team final round of the NCAA Division I Softball Tournament.[242] Wrestling is a sport with a strong tradition in Oklahoma. Oklahoma State has the most NCAA national championships of any collegiate team with 34, with the Oklahoma Sooners having 7 NCAA wrestling titles. The National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum is headquartered in Stillwater, Oklahoma.[243] Current professional teams Basketball Club Type League Venue City Area (Metro/Region) Oklahoma City Thunder Men's Basketball NBA Chesapeake Energy Arena Oklahoma City OKC Metro Oklahoma City Blue Men's Basketball NBA G League Cox Convention Center Oklahoma City OKC Metro Baseball Club Type League Venue City Area (Metro/Region) Oklahoma City Dodgers Baseball TAW (Triple-A) Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark Oklahoma City OKC Metro Tulsa Drillers Baseball DAC (Double-A) ONEOK Field Tulsa Tulsa Metro Hockey Club Type League Venue City Area (Metro/Region) Tulsa Oilers Hockey ECHL BOK Center Tulsa Tulsa Metro Football Club Type League Venue City Area (Metro/Region) Oklahoma Flying Aces Indoor Football CIF Stride Bank Center Enid Oklahoma Thunder Football GDFL Bixby High School Bixby Tulsa Metro Oklahoma City Bounty Hunters Football GDFL Putnam City Stadium Warr Acres OKC Metro Soccer Club Type League Venue City Area (Metro/Region) FC Tulsa Men's Soccer USL ONEOK Field Tulsa Tulsa Metro Tulsa Spirit Women's Soccer WPSL Union 8th Broken Arrow Tulsa Metro Oklahoma City FC Women's Soccer WPSL Miller Stadium Oklahoma City OKC Metro Oklahoma City Energy Men's Soccer USL Taft Stadium Oklahoma City OKC Metro Rugby Club Type League Venue City Area (Metro/Region) Tulsa Rugby Club Men's Rugby Division II Rugby Riverside Pitch Tulsa Tulsa Metro Health Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center, Tulsa Oklahoma was the 21st-largest recipient of medical funding from the federal government in 2005, with health-related federal expenditures in the state totaling $75,801,364; immunizations, bioterrorism preparedness, and health education were the top three most funded medical items.[244] Instances of major diseases are near the national average in Oklahoma, and the state ranks at or slightly above the rest of the country in percentage of people with asthma, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.[244] In 2000, Oklahoma ranked 45th in physicians per capita and slightly below the national average in nurses per capita, but was slightly above the national average in hospital beds per 100,000 people and above the national average in net growth of health services over a twelve-year period.[245] One of the worst states for percentage of insured people, nearly 25 percent of Oklahomans between the age of 18 and 64 did not have health insurance in 2005, the fifth-highest rate in the nation.[246] Oklahomans are in the upper half of Americans in terms of obesity prevalence, and the state is the 5th most obese in the nation, with 30.3 percent of its population at or near obesity.[247] Oklahoma ranked last among the 50 states in a 2007 study by the Commonwealth Fund on health care performance.[248] The OU Medical Center, Oklahoma's largest collection of hospitals, is the only hospital in the state designated a Level I trauma center by the American College of Surgeons. OU Medical Center is on the grounds of the Oklahoma Health Center in Oklahoma City, the state's largest concentration of medical research facilities.[249][250] The Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center in Tulsa is one of four such regional facilities nationwide, offering cancer treatment to the entire southwestern United States, and is one of the largest cancer treatment hospitals in the country.[251] The largest osteopathic teaching facility in the nation, Oklahoma State University Medical Center at Tulsa, also rates as one of the largest facilities in the field of neuroscience.[252][253] On June 26, 2018, Oklahoma made marijuana legal for medical purposes, making it one of the most conservative states to approve medical marijuana.[254] Life expectancy The residents of Oklahoma have a lower life expectancy than the U.S. national average. In 2014, males in Oklahoma lived an average of 73.7 years compared to a male national average of 76.7 years and females lived an average of 78.5 years compared to a female national average of 81.5 years. Moreover, increases in life expectancy have been below the national average. Male life expectancy in Oklahoma between 1980 and 2014, increased by an average of 4.0 years, compared to a male national average of a 6.7 year increase. Life expectancy for females in Oklahoma between 1980 and 2014, increased by 1.0 years, compared to a female national average of a 4.0 year increase.[255] Using 2016–2018 data, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation calculated that life expectancy (all sexes) for Oklahoma counties ranged from 71.2 years for Okfuskee County to 79.7 years for Cimarron and Logan counties. Life expectancy for the state as a whole was 76.0 years.[256] Media Main articles: List of newspapers in Oklahoma, List of radio stations in Oklahoma, and List of television stations in Oklahoma The second-largest newspaper in Oklahoma, the Tulsa World, has a circulation of 189,789.[257] Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the 45th- and 61st-largest media markets in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's third-largest media market, Lawton-Wichita Falls, Texas, is ranked 149th nationally by the agency.[258] Broadcast television in Oklahoma began in 1949 when KFOR-TV (then WKY-TV) in Oklahoma City and KOTV-TV in Tulsa began broadcasting a few months apart.[259] Currently, all major American broadcast networks have affiliated television stations in the state.[260] The state has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690. The Tulsa World, the second-most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558.[257] Oklahoma's first newspaper was established in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and was written in both Cherokee and English.[261] In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications.[261] The state's first radio station, WKY in Oklahoma City, began broadcasting in 1920.[262] In 2006, there were more than 500 radio stations in Oklahoma broadcasting with various local or nationally owned networks. Five universities in Oklahoma operate non-commercial, public radio stations/networks.[263] Oklahoma has a few ethnic-oriented TV stations broadcasting in Spanish and Asian languages, and there is some Native American programming. TBN, a Christian religious television network, has a studio in Tulsa, and built its first entirely TBN-owned affiliate in Oklahoma City in 1980.[264] Transportation Road network and waterways of Oklahoma from the 1970 edition of the National Atlas Transportation in Oklahoma is generated by an anchor system of Interstate Highways, inter-city rail lines, airports, inland ports, and mass transit networks. Situated along an integral point in the United States Interstate network, Oklahoma contains three primary Interstate highways and four auxiliary Interstate Highways. In Oklahoma City, Interstate 35 intersects with Interstate 44 and Interstate 40, forming one of the most important intersections along the United States highway system.[265] More than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of roads make up the state's major highway skeleton, including state-operated highways, ten turnpikes or major toll roads,[265] and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation.[266] In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma's busiest highway, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars.[267] In 2010, the state had the nation's third-highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges.[268] Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010.[269] Tulsa International Airport, the state's second-largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010.[270] Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma.[271][272] In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008.[273] Oklahoma has more than 150 public-use airports.[274] Oklahoma is connected to the nation's rail network via Amtrak's Heartland Flyer, its only regional passenger rail line. It currently stretches from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, Texas, though lawmakers began seeking funding in early 2007 to connect the Heartland Flyer to Tulsa.[275] Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the one of the United States' most inland international ports, at head of navigation of the McClellan–Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River.[276] The port ships over two million tons of goods annually and is a designated foreign trade zone. Law and government Main article: Government of Oklahoma The Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government modeled after the Federal government of the United States, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[277] The state has 77 counties with jurisdiction over most local government functions within each respective domain,[75] five congressional districts, and a voting base with a plurality in the Republican Party.[278] State officials are elected by plurality voting in the state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma has capital punishment as a legal sentence, and the state has had (between 1976 through mid-2011) the highest per capita execution rate in the nation.[279] In a 2020 study, Oklahoma was ranked as the 14th hardest state for citizens to vote in.[280] State government See also: Governor of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Legislature, and Oklahoma Supreme Court The Legislature of Oklahoma consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. As the lawmaking branch of the state government, it is responsible for raising and distributing the money necessary to run the government. The Senate has 48 members serving four-year terms, while the House has 101 members with two-year terms. The state has a term limit for its legislature that restricts any one person to twelve cumulative years service between both legislative branches.[281][282] Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serve one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule.[281] The five congressional districts of Oklahoma The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.[283] Local government See also: List of counties in Oklahoma The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff.[284] While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, and have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction.[285][286] Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts. Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations are typical in most of the United States, they are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.[287][288] Oklahoma has 11 substate districts including the two large Councils of Governments, INCOG in Tulsa (Indian Nations Council of Governments) and ACOG (Association of Central Oklahoma Governments). National politics Further information: Political party strength in Oklahoma Presidential election results[289] Year Republicans Democrats 2020 65.37% 1,020,280 32.29% 503,890 2016 65.32% 949,136 28.93% 420,375 2012 66.77% 891,325 33.23% 443,547 2008 65.65% 960,165 34.35% 502,496 2004 65.57% 959,792 34.43% 503,966 2000 60.31% 744,337 38.43% 474,276 1996 48.26% 582,315 40.45% 488,105 1992 42.65% 592,929 34.02% 473,066 1988 57.93% 678,367 41.28% 483,423 1984 68.61% 861,530 30.67% 385,080 1980 60.50% 695,570 34.97% 402,026 1976 49.96% 545,708 48.75% 532,442 1972 73.70% 759,025 24.00% 247,147 1968 47.68% 449,697 31.99% 301,658 1964 44.25% 412,665 55.75% 519,834 1960 59.02% 533,039 40.98% 370,111 Main article: Politics of Oklahoma Party registration by county (January 2018)   Democrat >= 40%   Democrat >= 50%   Democrat >= 60%   Democrat >= 70%   Republican >= 40%   Republican >= 50%   Republican >= 60%   Republican >= 70% Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election During the first half-century of statehood, Oklahoma was considered a Democratic stronghold, being carried by the Republican Party in only two presidential elections (1920 and 1928). After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015,[290] Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election since 1952: Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 landslide victory. Every single county in the state has been won by the Republican candidate in each election since 2004. Generally, Republicans are strongest in the suburbs of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, as well as the Panhandle. Democrats are strongest in the eastern part of the state and Little Dixie, as well as the most heavily African American and inner parts of Oklahoma City and Tulsa. With a population of 8.6% Native American in the state, it is also worth noting that most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African Americans.[291] Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. In the current Congress, Republicans comprise Oklahoma's entire delegation. Voter registration and party enrollment As of April 30, 2022[292] Party Number of voters Percentage Republican 1,134,986 50.71% Democratic 693,763 30.99% Libertarian 18,536 0.83% No affiliation/Other 390,918 17.46% Total 2,238,203 100% Military Further information: List of military units and installations in Oklahoma Further information: List of battles fought in Oklahoma Cities and towns See also: List of cities in Oklahoma, List of towns in Oklahoma, and List of towns and cities in Oklahoma by population Major cities Oklahoma City is the state's capital and largest city. Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000.[293] Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and sixty-five percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2020, with 1,425,695 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 1,015,331 residents.[294] Between 2000 and 2010, the leading cities in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).[293] Tulsa is the state's second-largest city by population and by land area. In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.[120] Under Oklahoma law, municipalities are divided into two categories: cities, defined as having more than 1,000 residents, and towns, with under 1,000 residents. Both have legislative, judicial, and public power within their boundaries, but cities can choose between a mayor–council, council–manager, or strong mayor form of government, while towns operate through an elected officer system.[285] The American bison is Oklahoma's state mammal. State symbols See also: List of Oklahoma state symbols State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions;[295] the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. In 2012 the House passed HCR 1024, which would change the state motto from "Labor Omnia Vincit" to "Oklahoma—In God We Trust!" The author of the resolution stated a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.[296][297] See also flag Oklahoma portal flag United States portal Index of Oklahoma-related articles Outline of Oklahoma Notes  Choctaw official within Choctaw Nation, Cherokee official within Cherokee Nation and UKB  Determined by a survey by the Pew Research Center in 2008. Percentages represent claimed religious beliefs, not necessarily membership in any particular congregation. Figures have a ±5 percent margin of error.[130] The Oklahoma Sooners were the top seeded school and Oklahoma State was the #5 seed entering the 2021 Women's College World Series. These two Oklahoma teams were heavily favored, playing in their home state I. The Oklahoma City venue. However, in two consecutive stunning upsets, both Oklahoma teams lost to James Madison University out of Harrisonburg, VA. This was the first time ever an unseeded team went 2–0 to start the WCWS.

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