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The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company.[1][2][3] The series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society, television, and the human condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks. He created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to "simpleton".[4] The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989, 719 episodes of the show have been broadcast. It is the longest-running American animated series, longest-running American sitcom, and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in terms of seasons and number of episodes. A feature-length film, The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, and grossed over $527 million, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerous comic book series, video games, books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollar merchandising industry. The Simpsons is a joint production by Gracie Films and 20th Television.[5] On March 3, 2021, the series was announced to have been renewed for seasons 33 and 34,[6] which were later confirmed to have 22 episodes each,[7] increasing the episode count from 706 to 750. Its thirty-third season premiered on September 26, 2021. The Simpsons received acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its "golden age". Since then, it has been criticized for a perceived decline in quality. Time named it the 20th century's best television series,[8] and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it "television's crowning achievement regardless of format".[9] On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34 Primetime Emmy Awards, 34 Annie Awards, and 2 Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of "D'oh!" has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series. Contents 1 Premise 1.1 Characters 1.2 Continuity and the floating timeline 1.3 Setting 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Executive producers and showrunners 2.3 Writing 2.4 Voice actors 2.5 Animation 3 Themes 4 Hallmarks 4.1 Opening sequence 4.2 Halloween episodes 4.3 Humor 4.3.1 Purported foreshadowing of actual events 5 Influence and legacy 5.1 Idioms 5.2 Television 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Syndication 6.3 Streaming and digital sell-through 7 Reception and achievements 7.1 Early success 7.2 Run length achievements 7.3 Awards and honors 7.4 Criticism 7.4.1 Controversy 7.4.2 Bans 7.4.3 Perceived decline in quality 7.4.4 Race controversy 8 Other media 8.1 Comic books 8.2 Film 8.3 Music 8.4 The Simpsons Ride 8.5 Video games 9 Merchandise 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Premise Characters Main article: List of The Simpsons characters The Simpsons is known for its wide ensemble of main and supporting characters (ensemble cast). The main characters are the Simpson family, who live in a fictional "Middle America" town of Springfield.[10] Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Bouvier, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker and prankster; Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; and Maggie, the baby of the family who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another.[11] Homer's dad Grampa Simpson lives in the Springfield Retirement Home after Homer forced his dad to sell his house so that his family could buy theirs. Grampa Simpson has had starring roles in several episodes. The family also owns a dog, Santa's Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in "I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot".[12] Both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. The Simpsons sports a vast array of secondary and tertiary characters. The show includes an array of quirky supporting characters, which include Homer's co-workers (also friends) Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson, the school principal Seymour Skinner and teachers Edna Krabappel and Elizabeth Hoover, neighbor Ned Flanders, friends Barney Gumble, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Moe Szyslak, Milhouse Van Houten, and Nelson Muntz, extended relatives Patty and Selma Bouvier, townspeople such as Mayor Quimby, Chief Clancy Wiggum, local celebrities Krusty the Clown and news reporter Kent Brockman, and tycoon Charles Montgomery Burns, who often serves as the series' antagonist, and his executive assistant Waylon Smithers. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy show SCTV.[13] Continuity and the floating timeline Despite the depiction of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays passing, the characters never age between episodes (either physically or in stated age), and generally appear just as they did when the series began. The series uses a floating timeline in which episodes generally take place in the year the episode is produced even though the characters do not age. Flashbacks and flashforwards do occasionally depict the characters at other points in their lives, with the timeline of these depictions also generally floating relative to the year the episode is produced. For example, in the 1991 episode "I Married Marge", Bart (who is always 10 years old) appears to be born in 1980 or 1981. But in the 1995 episode "And Maggie Makes Three", Maggie (who always appears to be around 1 year old) appears to be born in 1993 or 1994. In the 1992 episode "Lisa's First Word", Lisa (who is always 8) is shown to have been born in 1984. A canon of the show does exist, although Treehouse of Horror episodes and any fictional story told within the series are typically non-canon. However, continuity is inconsistent and limited in The Simpsons. For example, Krusty the Clown may be able to read in one episode, but not in another – however he is consistently portrayed as being Jewish and that his rabbi father has since died. Lessons learned by the family in one episode may be forgotten in the next. Some examples of limited continuity include Sideshow Bob's appearances where Bart and Lisa flashback at all the crimes he committed in Springfield or when the characters try to remember things that happened in previous episodes. Setting Main article: Springfield (The Simpsons) The Simpsons takes place in the fictional American town of Springfield in an unknown and impossible-to-determine U.S. state. The show is intentionally evasive in regard to Springfield's location.[14] Springfield's geography, and that of its surroundings, contains coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, tall mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.[15] Groening has said that Springfield has much in common with Portland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.[16] The name "Springfield" is a common one in America and appears in at least 29 states.[17] Groening has said that he named it after Springfield, Oregon, and the fictitious Springfield which was the setting of the series Father Knows Best. He "figured out that Springfield was one of the most common names for a city in the U.S. In anticipation of the success of the show, I thought, 'This will be cool; everyone will think it's their Springfield.' And they do."[18] Production Development Main articles: History of The Simpsons and The Simpsons shorts James L. Brooks (pictured) asked Matt Groening to create a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show. When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonist Matt Groening's Life in Hell comic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of his Life in Hell series.[19] However, Groening later realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons.[19][20] He named the characters after his own family members, substituting "Bart" for his own name, adopting an anagram of the word brat.[19] The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987.[21] Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial shorts.[19] The animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo,[22][23] with Wes Archer, David Silverman, and Bill Kopp being animators for the first season.[24] Colorist Georgie Peluse was the person who decided to make the characters yellow.[24] In 1989, a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included the Klasky Csupo animation house. Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.[25] Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called "the mainstream trash" that they were watching.[26] The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989, with "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".[27] "Some Enchanted Evening" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990, as the last episode of the first season, because of animation problems.[28] In 1992, Tracey Ullman filed a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits of The Simpsons[29]—a claim rejected by the courts.[30] Executive producers and showrunners Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons List of showrunners throughout the series' run: Season 1–2: Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, & Sam Simon Season 3–4: Al Jean & Mike Reiss Season 5–6: David Mirkin Season 7–8: Bill Oakley & Josh Weinstein Season 9–12: Mike Scully Season 13–31: Al Jean Season 32-present: Al Jean & Matt Selman Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants. Sam Simon, described by former Simpsons director Brad Bird as "the unsung hero" of the show,[31] served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons. He was constantly at odds with Groening, Brooks and the show's production company Gracie Films and left in 1993.[32] Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that sees him receive a share of the profits every year, and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993,[32][33] at least until his passing in 2015.[34] A more involved position on the show is the showrunner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season.[24] Writing Main article: List of The Simpsons writers The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky.[35] Newer Simpsons' writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.[36] The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers.[37] Until 2004,[38] George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.[37] Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events.[39] Part of the writing staff of The Simpsons in 1992. Back row, left to right: Mike Mendel, Colin A. B. V. Lewis (partial), Jeff Goldstein, Al Jean (partial), Conan O'Brien, Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein, Mike Reiss, Ken Tsumura, George Meyer, John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti (partial), CJ Gibson, and David M. Stern. Front row, left to right: Dee Capelli, Lona Williams, and unknown. Credited with sixty episodes, John Swartzwelder is the most prolific writer on The Simpsons.[40] One of the best-known former writers is Conan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacing David Letterman as host of the talk show Late Night.[41] English comedian Ricky Gervais wrote the episode "Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife", becoming the first celebrity to both write and guest star in the same episode.[42] Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg, writers of the film Superbad, wrote the episode "Homer the Whopper", with Rogen voicing a character in it.[43] At the end of 2007, the writers of The Simpsons went on strike together with the other members of the Writers Guild of America, East. The show's writers had joined the guild in 1998.[44] Voice actors Main articles: List of The Simpsons cast members, List of The Simpsons guest stars, and Non-English versions of The Simpsons The Simpsons has six main cast members: Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria, and Harry Shearer. Castellaneta voices Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby, Barney Gumble, and other adult, male characters.[45] Julie Kavner voices Marge Simpson and Patty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.[45] Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part of The Tracey Ullman Show cast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be needed.[46] Cartwright voices Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum and other children.[45] Smith, the voice of Lisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.[45] The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high,[47] so she was given the role of Lisa instead.[48] Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the "middle child" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as "devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever".[49] Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.[50] Cartwright is the only one of the six main Simpsons cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.[40] Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the series' regular voice cast since the second season,[51] voices recurring characters such as Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon and Professor Frink. Shearer provides voices for Mr. Burns, Mr. Smithers, Principal Skinner, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy and formerly Dr. Hibbert.[45] Every main cast member has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.[52][53] With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.[54] However, the network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode "Old Money", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.[55] In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode of Inside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices. The six main actors were paid $30,000 per episode until 1998, when they were involved in a pay dispute with Fox. The company threatened to replace them with new actors, even going as far as preparing for casting of new voices, but series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.[56] The issue was soon resolved and, from 1998 to 2004, they were paid $125,000 per episode. The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, and in April 2004 the main cast stopped appearing for script readings, demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode.[57][58] The strike was resolved a month later[59] and their salaries were increased to something between $250,000[60] and $360,000 per episode.[61] In 2008, production for the twentieth season was put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors, who wanted a "healthy bump" in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode.[61] The negotiations were soon completed, and the actors' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode.[62] Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, the cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode.[63] In addition to the main cast, Pamela Hayden, Tress MacNeille, Marcia Wallace, Maggie Roswell, and Russi Taylor voice supporting characters.[45] From 1999 to 2002, Roswell's characters were voiced by Marcia Mitzman Gaven. Karl Wiedergott has also appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.[64] Wiedergott left the show in 2010, and since then Chris Edgerly has appeared regularly to voice minor characters. Repeat "special guest" cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna, Maurice LaMarche, and Kelsey Grammer.[65] Following Hartman's death in 1998, the characters he voiced (Troy McClure and Lionel Hutz) were retired;[66] Wallace's character of Edna Krabappel was retired as well after her death in 2013. Following Taylor's death in 2019, her characters (including Sherri, Terri, and Martin Prince) are now voiced by Grey Griffin.[67] Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves. Tony Bennett was the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode "Dancin' Homer".[68] The Simpsons holds the world record for "Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series".[69] The Simpsons has been dubbed into several other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one of the few programs dubbed in both standard French and Quebec French.[70] The show has been broadcast in Arabic, but due to Islamic customs, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinks soda instead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the lifelong Simpsons fans in the area.[71] Animation Animation director David Silverman, who helped define the look of the show[24] Several different U.S. and international studios animate The Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo.[22] With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several local and foreign studios.[22] These are AKOM,[72] Anivision,[73] Rough Draft Studios,[74] USAnimation,[75] and Toonzone Entertainment.[76] For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animated The Simpsons in the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production to Film Roman,[77] who continued to animate the show until 2016. In Season 14, production switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint.[78] The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was "Radioactive Man" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of the season 12 episode "Tennis the Menace", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed "Tennis the Menace" was broadcast as made.[79] The production staff at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, draws storyboards, designs new characters, backgrounds, props and draws character and background layouts, which in turn become animatics to be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw the inbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later.[80] The series began high-definition production in Season 20; the first episode, "Take My Life, Please", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV included a new opening sequence.[81] Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation.[82] Themes Main articles: Media in The Simpsons, Politics in The Simpsons, and Religion in The Simpsons The Simpsons uses the standard setup of a situational comedy, or sitcom, as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town,[10] serving as a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle.[83] However, because of its animated nature, The Simpsons' scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in a nuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.[84] Through Bart and Lisa's days at Springfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of television channels, which enables the producers to make jokes about the entertainment industry and the press.[85] Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.[86] Al Jean acknowledged in an interview that "We [the show] are of liberal bent."[87] The writers often evince an appreciation for progressive leanings, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.[88] The show portrays government and large corporations as evil entities that take advantage of the common worker.[87] Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. In The Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such as Reverend Lovejoy are dismissive to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.[89] Religion also figures as a recurring theme.[90] In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions.[91] Hallmarks Opening sequence Main article: The Simpsons opening sequence The Simpsons' opening sequence is one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. The standard opening has gone through three iterations (a replacement of some shots at the start of the second season, and a brand new sequence when the show switched to high-definition in 2009).[92] Each has the same basic sequence of events: the camera zooms through cumulus clouds, through the show's title towards the town of Springfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The original opening was created by David Silverman, and was the first task he did when production began on the show.[93] The series' distinctive theme song was composed by musician Danny Elfman in 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro style piece. This piece has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career.[94] One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that three of its elements change from episode to episode: Bart writes different things on the school chalkboard,[93] Lisa plays different solos on her saxophone (or occasionally a different instrument), and different gags accompany the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch.[95] Halloween episodes Main article: Treehouse of Horror Bart Simpson introducing a segment of "Treehouse of Horror IV" in the manner of Rod Serling's Night Gallery The special Halloween episode has become an annual tradition. "Treehouse of Horror" first broadcast in 1990 as part of season two and established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.[96] These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.[97] They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show. Although the Treehouse series is meant to be seen on Halloween, this changed by the 2000s (and again in 2020), when new installments have premiered after Halloween due to Fox's current contract with Major League Baseball's World Series.[98] Prior to 2020 (between 2011 and 2019), every Treehouse of Horror episode had aired in October. Humor The show's humor turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show. Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.[99] The animators also regularly add jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers, billboards, and elsewhere. The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show or viewing it in slow motion.[100] Kristin Thompson argues that The Simpsons uses a "flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show."[101] One of Bart's early hallmarks was his prank calls to Moe's Tavern owner Moe Szyslak in which Bart calls Moe and asks for a gag name. Moe tries to find that person in the bar, but soon realizes it is a prank call and angrily threatens Bart. These calls were apparently based on a series of prank calls known as the Tube Bar recordings, though Groening has denied any causal connection.[102] Moe was based partly on Tube Bar owner Louis "Red" Deutsch, whose often profane responses inspired Moe's violent side.[103] As the series progressed, it became more difficult for the writers to come up with a fake name and to write Moe's angry response, and the pranks were dropped as a regular joke during the fourth season.[104][105] The Simpsons also often includes self-referential humor.[106] The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting.[107] For example, the episode "She Used to Be My Girl" included a scene in which a Fox News Channel van drove down the street while displaying a large "Bush Cheney 2004" banner and playing Queen's "We Are the Champions", in reference to the 2004 U.S. presidential election and claims of conservative bias in Fox News.[108][109] The show uses catchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.[110] Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt "D'oh!", Mr. Burns' "Excellent" and Nelson Muntz's "Ha-ha!" Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as "¡Ay, caramba!", "Don't have a cow, man!" and "Eat my shorts!" appeared on T-shirts in the show's early days.[111] However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through the merchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode "Bart Gets Famous" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on the Krusty the Clown Show solely for saying "I didn't do it."[112] Purported foreshadowing of actual events The Simpsons has gained notoriety for jokes that appeared to become reality. Perhaps the most famous example comes from the episode "Bart to the Future", which mentions billionaire Donald Trump having been President of the United States at one time and leaving the nation broke. The episode first aired in 2000, sixteen years before Trump (who at the time was exploring a presidential run) was elected.[113] Another episode, "When You Dish Upon a Star", lampooned 20th Century Fox as a division of The Walt Disney Company. Nineteen years later, Disney purchased Fox.[114] Other examples purported as The Simpsons predicting the future include the introduction of the Smartwatch, video chat services, autocorrection technology, and Lady Gaga's acrobatic performance at the Super Bowl LI halftime show.[115] Fact-checking sources such as Snopes have debunked many of these claims, saying that the show's extensive run means "a lot of jokes, and a lot of opportunities for coincidences to appear" and "most of these “predictions" have rather simple and mundane explanations".[116] For example, the device shown on The Simpsons with autocorrection is an Apple Newton, a real 1993 device notorious for its poor handwriting recognition.[117] Technologically advanced watches have appeared in numerous works of fiction, decades before The Simpsons.[118] Influence and legacy Idioms A number of neologisms that originated on The Simpsons have entered popular vernacular.[119][120] Mark Liberman, director of the Linguistic Data Consortium, remarked, "The Simpsons has apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions."[120] The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: "D'oh!" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in the Oxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.[121] Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase from James Finlayson, an actor in many Laurel and Hardy comedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The staff of The Simpsons told Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the television series.[122] Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as "cheese-eating surrender monkeys" was used by National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg in 2003, after France's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.[120][123] "Cromulent" and "embiggen", words used in "Lisa the Iconoclast", have since appeared in the Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon,[124] and scientific journals respectively.[120][125] "Kwyjibo", a fake Scrabble word invented by Bart in "Bart the Genius", was used as one of the aliases of the creator of the Melissa worm.[126] "I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords", was used by Kent Brockman in "Deep Space Homer" and has become a snowclone,[127] with variants of the utterance used to express obsequious submission. It has been used in media, such as New Scientist magazine.[128] The dismissive term "Meh", believed to have been popularized by the show,[120][129][130] entered the Collins English Dictionary in 2008.[131] Other words credited as stemming from the show include "yoink" and "craptacular".[120] The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations includes several quotations from the show. As well as "cheese-eating surrender monkeys", Homer's lines, "Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try", from "Burns' Heir" (season five, 1994) as well as "Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all", from "Eight Misbehavin'" (season 11, 1999), entered the dictionary in August 2007.[132] Many quotes/scenes have become popular Internet memes, including Jasper Beardley's quote "That's a paddlin'" from "The PTA Disbands" (season 6, 1995) and "Steamed Hams" from "22 Short Films About Springfield" (season 7, 1996). Television See also: LGBTQ representation in The Simpsons The Simpsons was the first successful animated program in American prime time since Wait Till Your Father Gets Home in the 1970s.[133] During most of the 1980s, US pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television. The Simpsons changed this perception,[22] initially leading to a short period where networks attempted to recreate prime-time cartoon success with shows like Capitol Critters, Fish Police, and Family Dog, which were expensive and unsuccessful.[134] The Simpsons' use of Korean animation studios for tweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success of The Simpsons and the lower production cost prompted US television networks to take chances on other adult animated series.[22] This development led US producers to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows for adults, such as Beavis and Butt-Head, South Park, Family Guy, King of the Hill, Futurama (which was created by Matt Groening), and The Critic.[22] For Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane, "The Simpsons created an audience for prime-time animation that had not been there for many, many years ... As far as I'm concerned, they basically re-invented the wheel. They created what is in many ways—you could classify it as—a wholly new medium."[135] The Simpsons has had crossovers with four other shows. In the episode "A Star Is Burns", Marge invites Jay Sherman, the main character of The Critic, to be a judge for a film festival in Springfield. Matt Groening had his name removed from the episode since he had no involvement with The Critic.[136] South Park later paid homage to The Simpsons with the episode "Simpsons Already Did It".[137] In "Simpsorama", the Planet Express crew from Futurama come to Springfield in the present to prevent the Simpsons from destroying the future.[138] In the Family Guy episode "The Simpsons Guy", the Griffins visit Springfield and meet the Simpsons.[139] The Simpsons has also influenced live-action shows like Malcolm in the Middle, which featured the use of sight gags and did not use a laugh track unlike most sitcoms.[140][141] Malcolm in the Middle debuted January 9, 2000, in the time slot after The Simpsons. Ricky Gervais called The Simpsons an influence on The Office,[142] and fellow British sitcom Spaced was, according to its director Edgar Wright, "an attempt to do a live-action The Simpsons."[143] In Georgia, the animated television sitcom The Samsonadzes, launched in November 2009, has been noted for its very strong resemblance with The Simpsons, which its creator Shalva Ramishvili has acknowledged.[144][145] Release Broadcast Main article: List of The Simpsons episodes Season No. of episodes Originally aired Viewership Season premiere Season finale Time slot (ET) Avg. viewers (in millions) Most watched episode Viewers (millions) Episode title 1 1989–90 13 December 17, 1989 May 13, 1990 Sunday 8:30 pm 27.8 33.5 "Life on the Fast Lane" 2 1990–91 22 October 11, 1990 July 11, 1991 Thursday 8:00 pm 24.4 33.6 "Bart Gets an 'F'" 3 1991–92 24 September 19, 1991 August 27, 1992 21.8 25.5 "Colonel Homer" 4 1992–93 22 September 24, 1992 May 13, 1993 22.4 28.6 "Lisa's First Word" 5 1993–94 22 September 30, 1993 May 19, 1994 18.9 24.0 "Treehouse of Horror IV" 6 1994–95 25 September 4, 1994 May 21, 1995 Sunday 8:00 pm 15.6 22.2 "Treehouse of Horror V" 7 1995–96 25 September 17, 1995 May 19, 1996 Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 1–24) Sunday 8:30 pm (Episode 25) 15.1 19.7 "Treehouse of Horror VI" 8 1996–97 25 October 27, 1996 May 18, 1997 Sunday 8:30 pm (Episodes 1–3) Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 4–12 & 14–25) Friday 8:00 pm (Episode 13)[146] 14.5 20.9 "The Springfield Files" 9 1997–98 25 September 21, 1997 May 17, 1998 Sunday 8:00 pm 15.3 19.8 "The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons" 10 1998–99 23 August 23, 1998 May 16, 1999 13.5 15.5 "Maximum Homerdrive" 11 1999–2000 22 September 26, 1999 May 21, 2000 8.8 18.4 "The Mansion Family" 12 2000–01 21 November 1, 2000 May 20, 2001 15.5 18.6 "Worst Episode Ever" 13 2001–02 22 November 6, 2001 May 22, 2002 Tuesday 8:30 pm (Episode 1) Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 2–20) Sunday 7:30 pm (Episode 21) Wednesday 8:00 pm (Episode 22) 12.5 14.9 "The Parent Rap" 14 2002–03 22 November 3, 2002 May 18, 2003 Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 1–11, 13–21) Sunday 8:30 pm (Episodes 12, 22) 14.4 22.1 "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can" 15 2003–04 22 November 2, 2003 May 23, 2004 Sunday 8:00 pm 11.0 16.3 "I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot" 16 2004–05 21 November 7, 2004 May 15, 2005 Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 1–7, 9–16, 18, 20) Sunday 10:30 pm (Episode 8) Sunday 8:30 pm (Episodes 17, 19, 21) 10.2 23.07 "Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass" 17 2005–06 22 September 11, 2005 May 21, 2006 Sunday 8:00 pm 9.55 11.63 "Treehouse of Horror XVI" 18 2006–07 22 September 10, 2006 May 20, 2007 9.15 13.90 "The Wife Aquatic" 19 2007–08 20 September 23, 2007 May 18, 2008 8.37 11.7 "Treehouse of Horror XVIII" 20 2008–09 21 September 28, 2008 May 17, 2009 7.1 12.4 "Treehouse of Horror XIX" 21 2009–10 23 September 27, 2009 May 23, 2010 7.1 14.62 "Once Upon a Time in Springfield" 22 2010–11 22 September 26, 2010 May 22, 2011 7.09 12.6 "Moms I'd Like to Forget" 23 2011–12 22 September 25, 2011 May 20, 2012 6.15[147] 11.48 "The D'oh-cial Network" 24 2012–13 22 September 30, 2012 May 19, 2013 Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-21) Sunday 8:30 pm (Episode 22) 5.41[148] 8.97 "Homer Goes to Prep School" 25 2013–14 22 September 29, 2013 May 18, 2014 Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 1–11 & 13-22) Sunday 7:30 pm (Episode 12) 5.02[149] 12.04 "Steal This Episode" 26 2014–15 22 September 28, 2014 May 17, 2015 Sunday 8:00 pm 5.61[150] 10.62 "The Man Who Came to Be Dinner" 27 2015–16 22 September 27, 2015 May 22, 2016 4.0[151] 8.33 "Teenage Mutant Milk-Caused Hurdles" 28 2016–17 22 September 25, 2016 May 21, 2017 4.80[152] 8.19 "Pork and Burns" 29 2017–18 21 October 1, 2017 May 20, 2018 4.07[153] 8.04 "Frink Gets Testy" 30 2018–19 23 September 30, 2018 May 12, 2019 3.10[154] 8.20 "The Girl on the Bus" 31 2019–20 22 September 29, 2019 May 17, 2020 2.58[155] 5.63 "Go Big or Go Homer" 32 2020–21 22 September 27, 2020 May 23, 2021 Sunday 8:00 pm (Episodes 1–10 & 12-22) Sunday 9:00 pm (Episode 11) 2.32[156] 4.93 "Treehouse of Horror XXXI" 33 2021–22 22 September 26, 2021 May 15, 2022[157] TBA TBA TBA Syndication The cable television network FXX, a sibling of 20th Television and formerly the Fox network, has exclusive cable and digital syndication rights for The Simpsons. Original contracts had previously stated that syndication rights for The Simpsons would not be sold to cable until the series conclusion, at a time when cable syndication deals were highly rare. The series has been syndicated to local broadcast stations in nearly all markets throughout the United States since September 1994.[158] FXX premiered The Simpsons on their network on August 21, 2014, by starting a twelve-day marathon which featured the first 552 episodes (every single episode that had already been released at the time) aired chronologically, including The Simpsons Movie, which FX Networks had already owned the rights to air. It was the longest continuous marathon in the history of television (until VH1 Classic aired a 433-hour, nineteen-day, marathon of Saturday Night Live in 2015; celebrating that program's 40th anniversary).[159][160] The first day of the marathon was the highest rated broadcast day in the history of the network so far, the ratings more than tripled those of regular prime time programming for FXX.[161] Ratings during the first six nights of the marathon grew night after night, with the network ranking within the top 5 networks in basic cable each night.[162] In Australia, a marathon of every episode of the show (at the time) aired from December 16, 2019, to January 5, 2020, on Fox8 (a cable network operated on pay TV provider Foxtel and a corporate sibling to the American Fox network).[163] After Disney acquired both 20th Television and FX Networks, it was announced that The Simpsons would air on the company's Freeform channel starting October 2, 2019.[164] Streaming and digital sell-through On October 21, 2014, a digital service courtesy of the FXNOW app, called Simpsons World, launched with every episode of the series accessible to authenticated FX subscribers, and is available on game consoles such as Xbox One, streaming devices such as Roku and Apple TV, and online via web browser.[165][166] There was early criticism of both wrong aspect ratios for earlier episodes and the length of commercial breaks on the streaming service, but that problem was soon amended with fewer commercial breaks during individual episodes.[167] Later it was announced that Simpsons World would now let users watch all of the SD episodes in their original format.[168] Simpsons World was discontinued after the launch of Disney+ on November 12, 2019, where the series streams exclusively.[169][170] Initially, the series was only available cropped to 16:9 without the option to view the original 4:3 versions, reigniting criticisms of cropping old episodes.[171] In response, Disney announced that "in early 2020, Disney+ will make the first 19 seasons (and some episodes from season 20) of The Simpsons available in their original 4:3 aspect ratio, giving subscribers a choice of how they prefer to view the popular series."[172][173] On May 28, 2020, Disney+ made the first 19 seasons, along with some episodes from season 20, of The Simpsons available in both 16:9 and the original 4:3 aspect ratio.[174] Season 31 came to Disney+ on October 2, 2020, with Hulu streaming the latest episodes of season 31 the next day. Season 32 came to Disney+ on September 29, 2021. The season 3 premiere "Stark Raving Dad", which features Michael Jackson as the voice of Leon Kompowsky, was pulled out of rotation in 2019 by Matt Groening, James L. Brooks and Al Jean after HBO aired the documentary Leaving Neverland, in which two men share details into how Jackson allegedly abused them as children.[175][176] It is therefore unavailable on Disney+. However, the episode is still available on The Complete Third Season DVD box set released on August 26, 2003.[177] In July 2017, all episodes from seasons 4 to 19 were made available for purchase on the iTunes Store in Canada.[178] Reception and achievements Early success The Simpsons was the Fox network's first television series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.[179] In 1990, Bart quickly became one of the most popular characters on television in what was termed "Bartmania".[180][181][182][183] He became the most prevalent Simpsons character on memorabilia, such as T-shirts. In the early 1990s, millions of T-shirts featuring Bart were sold;[184] as many as one million were sold on some days.[185] Believing Bart to be a bad role model, several American public schools banned T-shirts featuring Bart next to captions such as "I'm Bart Simpson. Who the hell are you?" and "Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')".[186][187][188] The Simpsons merchandise sold well and generated $2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.[186] Because of his popularity, Bart was often the most promoted member of the Simpson family in advertisements for the show, even for episodes in which he was not involved in the main plot.[189] Due to the show's success, over the summer of 1990 the Fox Network decided to switch The Simpsons' time slot from 8:00 p.m. ET on Sunday night to the same time on Thursday, where it competed with The Cosby Show on NBC, the number one show at the time.[190][191] Through the summer, several news outlets published stories about the supposed "Bill vs. Bart" rivalry.[185][190] "Bart Gets an 'F'" (season two, 1990) was the first episode to air against The Cosby Show, and it received a lower Nielsen ratings, tying for eighth behind The Cosby Show, which had an 18.5 rating. The rating is based on the number of household televisions that were tuned into the show, but Nielsen Media Research estimated that 33.6 million viewers watched the episode, making it the number one show in terms of actual viewers that week. At the time, it was the most watched episode in the history of the Fox Network,[192] and it is still the highest rated episode in the history of The Simpsons.[193] The show moved back to its Sunday slot in 1994 and has remained there ever since.[194] The Simpsons has received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for being described as "the most irreverent and unapologetic show on the air."[195] In a 1990 review of the show, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described it as "the American family at its most complicated, drawn as simple cartoons. It's this neat paradox that makes millions of people turn away from the three big networks on Sunday nights to concentrate on The Simpsons."[196] Tucker also described the show as a "pop-cultural phenomenon, a prime-time cartoon show that appeals to the entire family."[197] Run length achievements On February 9, 1997, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States.[198] In 2004, The Simpsons replaced The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States in terms of the number of years airing.[199] In 2009, The Simpsons surpassed The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet's record of 435 episodes and is now recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count).[200][201] In October 2004, Scooby-Doo briefly overtook The Simpsons as the American animated show with the highest number of episodes (albeit under several different iterations).[202] However, network executives in April 2005 again cancelled Scooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, and The Simpsons reclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.[203] In May 2007, The Simpsons reached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. While The Simpsons has the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassed The Simpsons.[204] For example, the Japanese anime series Sazae-san has over 2,000 episodes (7,000+ segments) to its credit.[204] In 2009, Fox began a year-long celebration of the show titled "Best. 20 Years. Ever." to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the premiere of The Simpsons. One of the first parts of the celebration is the "Unleash Your Yellow" contest in which entrants must design a poster for the show.[205] The celebration ended on January 10, 2010 (almost 20 years after "Bart the Genius" aired on January 14, 1990), with The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!, a documentary special by documentary filmmaker Morgan Spurlock that examines the "cultural phenomenon of The Simpsons".[206][207] As of the twenty-first season (2009–2010), The Simpsons became the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, having surpassed the 1955–1975 run of Gunsmoke. On April 29, 2018, The Simpsons also surpassed Gunsmoke's 635-episode count with the episode "Forgive and Regret."[199][208] The Simpsons is both the longest-running and the highest ranking animated series to feature on TV Time's top 50 most followed TV shows ever.[209] On February 6, 2019, it was announced that The Simpsons has been renewed for seasons 31 and 32.[210] On March 3, 2021, it was announced that The Simpsons was renewed for seasons 33 and 34.[211] Awards and honors Main article: List of awards and nominations received by The Simpsons The Simpsons has been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Simpsons has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 34 Primetime Emmy Awards,[69] 34 Annie Awards[212] and a Peabody Award.[213] In a 1999 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment, Time magazine named The Simpsons the century's best television series.[214] In that same issue, Time included Bart Simpson in the Time 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.[215] Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[216] Also in 2000, Entertainment Weekly magazine TV critic Ken Tucker named The Simpsons the greatest television show of the 1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channel Channel 4 have voted The Simpsons at the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows,[217] and 2005's The 100 Greatest Cartoons,[218] with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.[219] Homer also placed ninth on Entertainment Weekly's list of the "50 Greatest TV icons".[220] In 2002, The Simpsons ranked No. 8 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,[221] and was ranked the No. 6 cult show in 2004.[222] In 2007, it moved to No. 8 on TV Guide's cult shows list[223] and was included in Time's list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time".[224] In 2008 the show was placed in first on Entertainment Weekly's "Top 100 Shows of the Past 25 Years".[225] Empire named it the greatest TV show of all time.[226] In 2010, Entertainment Weekly named Homer "the greatest character of the last 20 years",[227] while in 2013 the Writers Guild of America listed The Simpsons as the 11th "best written" series in television history.[228] In 2013, TV Guide ranked The Simpsons as the greatest TV cartoon of all time[229] and the tenth greatest show of all time.[230] A 2015 The Hollywood Reporter survey of 2,800 actors, producers, directors, and other industry people named it as their No. 10 favorite show.[231] In 2015, British newspaper The Telegraph named The Simpsons as one of the 10 best TV sitcoms of all time.[232] Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked The Simpsons as the greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 book TV (The Book).[233] Criticism Controversy Bart's rebellious, bad boy nature, which underlies his misbehavior and rarely leads to any punishment, led some people to characterize him as a poor role model for children.[234][235] In schools, educators claimed that Bart was a "threat to learning" because of his "underachiever and proud of it" attitude and negative attitude regarding his education.[236] Others described him as "egotistical, aggressive and mean-spirited".[237] In a 1991 interview, Bill Cosby described Bart as a bad role model for children, calling him "angry, confused, frustrated". In response, Matt Groening said, "That sums up Bart, all right. Most people are in a struggle to be normal [and] he thinks normal is very boring, and does things that others just wished they dare do."[238] On January 27, 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush said, "We are going to keep on trying to strengthen the American family, to make American families a lot more like the Waltons and a lot less like the Simpsons."[186] The writers rushed out a tongue-in-cheek reply in the form of a short segment which aired three days later before a rerun of "Stark Raving Dad" in which Bart replied, "Hey, we're just like the Waltons. We're praying for an end to the Depression, too."[239][240] Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. The Simpsons visit Australia in "Bart vs. Australia" (season six, 1995) and Brazil in "Blame It on Lisa" (season 13, 2002) and both episodes generated controversy and negative reaction in the visited countries.[241] In the latter case, Rio de Janeiro's tourist board—which claimed that the city was portrayed as having rampant street crime, kidnappings, slums, and monkey and rat infestations—went so far as to threaten Fox with legal action.[242] Groening was a fierce and vocal critic of the episode "A Star Is Burns" (season six, 1995) which featured a crossover with The Critic. He felt that it was just an advertisement for The Critic, and that people would incorrectly associate the show with him. When he was unsuccessful in getting the episode pulled, he had his name removed from the credits and went public with his concerns, openly criticizing James L. Brooks and saying the episode "violates the Simpsons' universe." In response, Brooks said, "I am furious with Matt, ... he's allowed his opinion, but airing this publicly in the press is going too far. ... his behavior right now is rotten."[136][243] "The Principal and the Pauper" (season nine, 1997) is one of the most controversial episodes of The Simpsons. Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation that Seymour Skinner, a recurring character since the first season, was an impostor. The episode has been criticized by Groening and by Harry Shearer, who provides the voice of Skinner. In a 2001 interview, Shearer recalled that after reading the script, he told the writers, "That's so wrong. You're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason, for a story we've done before with other characters. It's so arbitrary and gratuitous, and it's disrespectful to the audience."[244] Bans The show has reportedly been taken off the air in several countries. China banned it from prime-time television in August 2006, "in an effort to protect China's struggling animation studios."[245] In 2008, Venezuela barred the show from airing on morning television as it was deemed "unsuitable for children".[246] The same year, several Russian Pentecostal churches demanded that The Simpsons, South Park and some other Western cartoons be removed from broadcast schedules "for propaganda of various vices" and the broadcaster's license to be revoked. However, a court decision later dismissed this request.[247] Perceived decline in quality Critics' reviews of early Simpsons episodes praised the show for its sassy humor, wit, realism, and intelligence.[26][248] However, in the late 1990s, around the airing of season 10, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show "tired".[249] By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show, and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.[250][251][252] Jim Schembri of The Sydney Morning Herald attributed the decline in quality to an abandonment of character-driven storylines in favor of celebrity cameo appearances and references to popular culture. Schembri wrote in 2011: "The central tragedy of The Simpsons is that it has gone from commanding attention to merely being attention-seeking. It began by proving that cartoon characters don't have to be caricatures; they can be invested with real emotions. Now the show has in essence fermented into a limp parody of itself. Memorable story arcs have been sacrificed for the sake of celebrity walk-ons and punchline-hungry dialogue."[253] In 2010, the BBC noted "the common consensus is that The Simpsons' golden era ended after season nine",[254] and Todd Leopold of CNN, in an article looking at its perceived decline, stated "for many fans ... the glory days are long past."[252] Similarly, Tyler Wilson of Coeur d'Alene Press has referred to seasons one to nine as the show's "golden age",[255] and Ian Nathan of Empire described the show's classic era as being "say, the first ten seasons."[256] Jon Heacock of LucidWorks stated that "for the first ten years [seasons], the show was consistently at the top of its game", with "so many moments, quotations, and references – both epic and obscure – that helped turn the Simpson family into the cultural icons that they remain to this day."[257] Mike Scully, who was showrunner during seasons nine through twelve, has been the subject of criticism.[258][259] Chris Suellentrop of Slate wrote that "under Scully's tenure, The Simpsons became, well, a cartoon ... Episodes that once would have ended with Homer and Marge bicycling into the sunset now end with Homer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck. The show's still funny, but it hasn't been touching in years."[258] When asked in 2007 how the series' longevity is sustained, Scully joked: "Lower your quality standards. Once you've done that you can go on forever."[260] Al Jean, who was showrunner during seasons thirteen through thirty-three,[261] has also been the subject of criticism, with some arguing that the show has continued to decline in quality under his tenure. Former writers have complained that under Jean, the show is "on auto-pilot", "too sentimental", and the episodes are "just being cranked out." Some critics believe that the show has "entered a steady decline under Jean and is no longer really funny."[262] John Ortved, author of The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History, characterized the Jean era as "toothless",[263] and criticized what he perceived as the show's increase in social and political commentary.[264] Jean responded: "Well, it's possible that we've declined. But honestly, I've been here the whole time and I do remember in season two people saying, 'It's gone downhill.' If we'd listened to that then we would have stopped after episode 13. I'm glad we didn't."[265] In 2004, cast member Harry Shearer criticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: "I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, so season four looks very good to me now."[266] Cast member Dan Castellaneta responded: "I don't agree, ... I think Harry's issue is that the show isn't as grounded as it was in the first three or four seasons, that it's gotten crazy or a little more madcap. I think it organically changes to stay fresh."[267] Also in 2004 author Douglas Coupland described claims of declining quality in the series as "hogwash", saying "The Simpsons hasn't fumbled the ball in fourteen years, it's hardly likely to fumble it now."[268] In an April 2006 interview, Groening said: "I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will get too financially cumbersome ... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, the stories do things that we haven't done before, so creatively there's no reason to quit."[13] In 2016, popular culture writer Anna Leszkiewicz suggested that even though The Simpsons still holds cultural relevance, “contemporary appeal” is only for the “first ten or so seasons,” with recent episodes only garnering mainstream attention when a favorite character from the golden era is killed off, or when new information and shock twists are given for old characters.[269] The series' ratings have also declined; while the first season enjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewing households per episode in the U.S.,[179] the twenty-first season had an average of 7.2 million viewers.[270] Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz argued in their 2016 book titled TV (The Book) that the peak of The Simpsons are "roughly seasons [three through twelve]", and that despite the decline, episodes from the later seasons such as "Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind" and "Holidays of Future Passed" could be considered on par with the earlier classic episodes, further stating that "even if you want to call the show today a thin shadow of its former self, think about how mind-boggingly great its former self had to be for so-diminished a version to be watchable at all."[271][272] In 2020, Uproxx writer Josh Kurp stated that while he agrees with the sentiment that The Simpsons is not as good as it used to be, it is because "it was working at a level of comedy and characterization that no show ever has." He felt there were still many reasons to watch the series, as it was "still capable of quality television, and even the occasional new classic" and the fact that the show was willing to experiment, giving examples such as bringing on guest animators like Don Hertzfeldt and Sylvain Chomet to produce couch gags, and guest writers like Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg, Pete Holmes and Megan Amram to write episodes.[273] In the season 32 episode, "I, Carumbus", the show itself makes a nod to these concerns in its credits gag where the god Jupiter notes that "It definitely feels like they're wrapping it up ... any day now."[274] In a 2021 interview with NME, Jean was quoted as saying, "To people who say The Simpsons isn't as good as it used to be, I would say I think the world isn't as good as it used to be. But we're declining at a slower rate".[275] Race controversy Further information: Apu Nahasapeemapetilon § Accusations of racial stereotyping The stereotypical nature of the character Apu Nahasapeemapetilon has been the subject of controversy. Indian-American comedian Hari Kondabolu stated in his 2017 documentary The Problem with Apu that as a child he was a fan of The Simpsons and liked Apu, but he now finds the character's stereotypical nature troublesome. Defenders of the character responded that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, "that's the nature of cartooning."[276] He added that he was "proud of what we do on the show", and "it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended".[277] In response to the controversy, Apu's voice actor, Hank Azaria, said he was willing to step aside from his role as Apu: "The most important thing is to listen to South Asian people, Indian people in this country when they talk about what they feel and how they think about this character."[278] In February 2020, he confirmed that he would no longer voice Apu. Groening stated at the same time that the character would remain in the show. The criticisms were referenced in the season 29 episode "No Good Read Goes Unpunished", when Lisa breaks the fourth wall and addresses the audience by saying, "Something that started decades ago and was applauded and inoffensive is now politically incorrect. What can you do?" to which Marge replies, "Some things will be addressed at a later date." Lisa adds, "If at all." This reference was clarified by the fact that there was a framed photo of Apu with the caption on the photo saying "Don't have a cow, Apu", a play on Bart's catchphrase "Don't have a cow, man," as well as the fact that Hindus do not eat cows as they are considered sacred. In October 2018, it was reported that Apu would be written out of the show,[279] which Groening denied.[280] On June 26, 2020, in light of the various Black Lives Matter protests, Fox announced that recurring characters of color (such as Carl Carlson and Dr. Hibbert, among others) will no longer be voiced by white actors.[281] Beginning with season 32, Carl, a black character originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by black actor Alex Désert.[282] In addition, Bumblebee Man, a Spanish-speaking Latino character also originally voiced by Azaria, is now voiced by Mexican-American actor Eric Lopez[283] Dr. Hibbert, a black character originally voiced by Harry Shearer, is now voiced by black actor Kevin Michael Richardson.[284] Other media Main article: The Simpsons (franchise) Comic books Main article: List of The Simpsons comics Numerous Simpson-related comic books have been released over the years. So far, nine comic book series have been published by Bongo Comics since 1993.[285] The first comic strips based on The Simpsons appeared in 1991 in the magazine Simpsons Illustrated, which was a companion magazine to the show.[286] The comic strips were popular and a one-shot comic book titled Simpsons Comics and Stories, containing four different stories, was released in 1993 for the fans.[287] The book was a success and due to this, the creator of The Simpsons, Matt Groening, and his companions Bill Morrison, Mike Rote, Steve Vance and Cindy Vance created the publishing company Bongo Comics.[287] Issues of Simpsons Comics, Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror and Bart Simpson have been collected and reprinted in trade paperbacks in the United States by HarperCollins.[288][289][290] Film Main article: The Simpsons Movie A Seattle 7-Eleven store transformed into a Kwik-E-Mart as part of a promotion for The Simpsons Movie 20th Century Fox, Gracie Films, and Film Roman produced The Simpsons Movie, an animated film that was released on July 27, 2007.[291] The film was directed by long-time Simpsons producer David Silverman and written by a team of Simpsons writers comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer, Mike Reiss, John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, David Mirkin, Mike Scully, Matt Selman, and Ian Maxtone-Graham.[291] Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.[291] There had been talk of a possible feature-length Simpsons film ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode "Kamp Krusty" was suitable for a film, but he encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.[292] For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project.[13] On August 10, 2018, 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel is in development.[293] Music Main article: The Simpsons discography Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albums Songs in the Key of Springfield, Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons and The Simpsons: Testify.[294] Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The album The Simpsons Sing the Blues was released in September 1990 and was a success, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard 200[295] and becoming certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[296] The first single from the album was the pop rap song "Do the Bartman", performed by Nancy Cartwright and released on November 20, 1990. The song was written by Michael Jackson, although he did not receive any credit.[297] The Yellow Album was released in 1998, but received poor reception and did not chart in any country.[298][299][300] The Simpsons Ride Main article: The Simpsons Ride The Simpsons Ride at Universal Studios Florida. In 2007, it was officially announced that The Simpsons Ride, a simulator ride, would be implemented into the Universal Studios Orlando and Universal Studios Hollywood.[301] It officially opened May 15, 2008, in Florida[302] and May 19, 2008, in Hollywood.[303] In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built by Krusty the Clown. However, Sideshow Bob is loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and the Simpson family.[304] It features more than 24 regular characters from The Simpsons and features the voices of the regular cast members, as well as Pamela Hayden, Russi Taylor and Kelsey Grammer.[305] Harry Shearer did not participate in the ride, so none of his characters has vocal parts.[306] Video games Further information: List of The Simpsons video games Numerous video games based on the show have been produced. Some of the early games include Konami's arcade game The Simpsons (1991) and Acclaim Entertainment's The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants (1991).[307][308] More modern games include The Simpsons: Road Rage (2001), The Simpsons: Hit & Run (2003) and The Simpsons Game (2007).[309][310][311] Electronic Arts, which produced The Simpsons Game, has owned the exclusive rights to create video games based on the show since 2005.[312] In 2010, they released a game called The Simpsons Arcade for iOS.[313] Another EA-produced mobile game, Tapped Out, was released in 2012 for iOS users, then in 2013 for Android and Kindle users.[314][315][316] Two Simpsons pinball machines have been produced: one that was available briefly after the first season, and another in 2007, both out of production.[317] Merchandise See also: List of The Simpsons books and List of The Simpsons home video releases The popularity of The Simpsons has made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry.[186] The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters. The Simpsons has been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, including Clue, Scrabble, Monopoly, Operation, and The Game of Life, as well as the trivia games What Would Homer Do? and Simpsons Jeopardy!. Several card games such as trump cards and The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released. Many official or unofficial Simpsons books such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season of Chappelle's Show.[318] In particular, seasons one through seventeen were released on DVD for 13 years between September 2001 to December 2014 in the U.S./Canada (Region 1), Europe (Region 2), and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4). However, on April 8, 2015, Al Jean announced that the Season 17 DVD would be the last one ever produced, leaving the collection from Seasons 1 to 17, Season 20 (released out of order in 2010), with Seasons 18, 19, and 21 onwards unreleased.[319][320] Jean also stated that the deleted scenes and commentaries would try to be released to the Simpsons World app, and that they were pushing for Simpsons World to be expanded outside of the U.S.[320] Two years later, however, on July 22, 2017, it was announced that Season 18 would be released on December 5, 2017, on DVD.[321] Another two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD.[322] In 2003, about 500 companies around the world were licensed to use Simpsons characters in their advertising.[323] As a promotion for The Simpsons Movie, twelve 7-Eleven stores were transformed into Kwik-E-Marts and sold The Simpsons related products. These included "Buzz Cola", "Krusty-O" cereal, pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and "Squishees".[324] In 2008, consumers around the world spent $750 million on merchandise related to The Simpsons, with half of the amount originating from the United States. By 2009, 20th Century Fox had greatly increased merchandising efforts.[325] On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44-cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie, to commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary.[326] The Simpsons is the first television series still in production to receive this recognition.[327][328] The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.[329] Approximately one billion were printed, but only 318 million were sold, costing the Postal Service $1.2 million.[330][331] Notes  Known as 20th Century Fox Television until season 31. References  Ortved, John (October 12, 2010). The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. 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Retrieved May 8, 2009.  "Stamp Manufacturing and Inventory Management" (PDF). United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014. Bibliography Alberti, John (2003). Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2849-1. McCann, Jesse L.; Groening, Matt (2002). The Simpsons Beyond Forever!: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Still Continued. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-050592-9. Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-591-9. Cartwright, Nancy (2000). My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy. New York City: Hyperion Books. ISBN 978-0-7868-8600-5. Folkard, Claire (2006). Guinness World Records 2006. Bantam USA. ISBN 978-0-553-58906-1. Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M. King, Geoff (2002). New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. I B Tauris & Co. ISBN 978-1-86064-750-5. Ortved, John (2009). The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-503-9. Turner, Chris (2004). Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation. Foreword by Douglas Coupland. (1st ed.). Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 978-0-679-31318-2. OCLC 55682258. Further reading Brown, Alan; Logan, Chris (2006). The Psychology of The Simpsons. Benbella Books. ISBN 978-1-932100-70-9. Gray, Jonathan (2006). Watching with The Simpsons: Television, Parody, and Intertextuality. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-36202-3. Hoffmann, Frank W.; Bailey, William G. (1994). Fashion and Merchandising Fads. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-56024-376-2. Irwin, William; Conrad, Mark T.; Skoble, Aeon (1999). The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9433-8. Keller, Beth L. (1992). The Gospel According to Bart: Examining the Religious Elements of The Simpsons. Regent University. ISBN 978-0-8126-9433-8. Keslowitz, Steven (2003). The Simpsons And Society: An Analysis Of Our Favorite Family And Its Influence In Contemporary Society. Hats Off Books. ISBN 978-1-58736-253-8. Pinsky, Mark I (2001). The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22419-6. Pinsky, Mark I.; Parvin, Samuel F. (2002). The Gospel According to the Simpsons: Leaders Guide for Group Study. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22590-2. Singh, Simon (2013). The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets. ISBN 978-1-62040-277-1. Along with the Simpson family, The Simpsons includes a large array of characters: co-workers, teachers, family friends, extended relatives, townspeople, local celebrities, as well as fictional characters within the show. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokesters or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. A number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes. According to creator Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the Canadian sketch comedy show Second City Television.[1] The main episode characters, the Simpson family, are listed first; all other characters are listed in alphabetical order. Only main, supporting, and recurring characters are listed. For other recurring characters, see List of recurring The Simpsons characters. Contents 1 Appearances 2 Characters 3 References 3.1 Citations 3.2 Bibliography Appearances List indicator(s) * A green cell indicates the character has a recurring role in that season. [A] dagger A light blue cell indicates the character appeared in only one episode in that season. double-dagger A light gray cell indicates the character did not appear in that season. Character Appearances 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Mo Recurring characters Homer Simpson * Marge Simpson * Bart Simpson * Lisa Simpson * Maggie Simpson * Abraham Simpson * Santa's Little Helper * Snowball II/V * Apu Nahasapeemapetilon * Barney Gumble * Bleeding Gums Murphy[B] * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger * Chief Clancy Wiggum * Dewey Largo * Eddie * Edna Krabappel * dagger double-dagger * dagger * Itchy & Scratchy * Janey Powell * Jasper Beardly * Kent Brockman * Krusty The Clown * Lenny Leonard * Lou * Martin Prince * Marvin Monroe[C] * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger Milhouse Van Houten * Moe Szyslak * Mr. Burns * Ned Flanders * Otto Mann * Patty Bouvier * Ralph Wiggum * Reverend Timothy Lovejoy * Selma Bouvier * Seymour Skinner * Sherri & Terri * Sideshow Bob * dagger * dagger * dagger * double-dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger Todd Flanders * Waylon Smithers * Carl Carlson dagger * Dolph Starbeam dagger * Dr. Julius Hibbert double-dagger * Dr. Nick Riviera double-dagger * dagger * Elizabeth Hoover double-dagger * Helen Lovejoy dagger * Herman Hermann dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Jacqueline Bouvier dagger * dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger * double-dagger * Jimbo Jones dagger * Kearney Zzyzwicz dagger * Lionel Hutz double-dagger * dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Maude Flanders[D] double-dagger * dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger Mayor Joe Quimby double-dagger * Nelson Muntz dagger * Princess Kashmir dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger double-dagger * Professor Jonathan Frink double-dagger * Rainier Wolfcastle double-dagger * Rod Flanders dagger * Sideshow Mel double-dagger * Troy McClure double-dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Wise Guy double-dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger * Agnes Skinner dagger * Akira Kurosawa double-dagger dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * Blue-Haired Lawyer double-dagger dagger * dagger * double-dagger dagger * Comic Book Guy double-dagger dagger * double-dagger * Groundskeeper Willie double-dagger dagger * Judge Roy Snyder dagger * dagger * double-dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger * Kang & Kodos double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger * double-dagger Luann Van Houten double-dagger * Mr. Teeny double-dagger dagger * dagger double-dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger * Snake Jailbird double-dagger dagger * Arnie Pye dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger * dagger * Bernice Hibbert double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger * Bumblebee Man double-dagger * Drederick Tatum double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger * dagger * Hans Moleman double-dagger dagger * Kirk Van Houten double-dagger dagger * Lunchlady Doris double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger * double-dagger * dagger * Old Jewish Man dagger double-dagger * dagger * dagger * Ruth Powers double-dagger * Sea Captain double-dagger * Squeaky-Voiced Teen double-dagger dagger * Baby Gerald double-dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger * Cletus Spuckler double-dagger * Luigi Risotto double-dagger * dagger double-dagger * dagger * dagger * Miss Springfield double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger * Superintendent Gary Chalmers double-dagger dagger * Alice Glick double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger * dagger * Database dagger double-dagger * double-dagger * double-dagger * The Rich Texan double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger * Sarah Wiggum double-dagger dagger * dagger * double-dagger * Üter Zörker double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger * Brandine Spuckler double-dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Disco Stu double-dagger * dagger double-dagger * Fat Tony double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * Louie double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * Mona Simpson double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger Legs double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger * Gil Gunderson double-dagger * dagger * Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger * Lindsey Naegle double-dagger dagger * Mrs. Vanderbilt double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Artie Ziff double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger * double-dagger Duffman double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * Gloria Jailbird double-dagger * double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * The Yes Guy double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger * Cookie Kwan double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * Johnny Tightlips double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * double-dagger dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger * Rabbi Hyman Krustofsky double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger * double-dagger dagger * double-dagger * Crazy Cat Lady double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Jessica Lovejoy double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger double-dagger * double-dagger * Booberella double-dagger dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger * Capital City Goofball double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger Leprechaun double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger double-dagger Ling Bouvier double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Julio double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * dagger * dagger * Mrs. Muntz double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * dagger * Chazz Busby double-dagger dagger * double-dagger Roger Meyers, Jr. double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger * Shauna Chalmers double-dagger dagger double-dagger * double-dagger Kumiko Albertson double-dagger * double-dagger Surly Duff double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger double-dagger dagger * double-dagger dagger double-dagger  When referring to The Simpsons Movie, a green cell indicates the character was present in the movie.  Despite Bleeding Gums Murphy dying in season 6, he continued to appear in the opening sequence until season 20.  Despite Marvin Monroe's character being retired in season 7, he continued to appear in the opening sequence until season 20.  Despite Maude Flanders dying in season 11, she continued to appear in the opening sequence until season 20. Characters Character Voice actor(s) Character's role Episode debut Original air dates Homer Simpson Dan Castellaneta[2] Husband of Marge; father of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. "Good Night" 1987-04-19 Marge Simpson Julie Kavner[2] Wife of Homer; mother of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. "Good Night" 1987-04-19 Bart Simpson Nancy Cartwright[2] Oldest child and only son of Homer and Marge; brother of Lisa and Maggie. "Good Night"[3] 1987-04-19 Lisa Simpson Yeardley Smith[2] Middle child and eldest daughter of Homer and Marge; sister of Bart and Maggie. "Good Night"[3] 1987-04-19 Maggie Simpson Liz Georges Gábor Csupó Harry Shearer Yeardley Smith Nancy Cartwright Elizabeth Taylor James Earl Jones Jodie Foster Youngest child and daughter of Homer and Marge; sister of Bart and Lisa. "Good Night"[3] 1987-04-19 Akira Kurosawa George Takei,[4] Hank Azaria[2] Waiter at The Happy Sumo;[5] karate teacher.[6] "One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish" 1991-01-24 Ms. Albright Tress MacNeille[7] Sunday school teacher. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Aristotle Amadopolis Jon Lovitz,[8] Dan Castellaneta[2] Owner of the Shelbyville Nuclear Power Plant.[9] "Homer Defined" 1991-10-17 Atkins, State Comptroller Harry Shearer,[10] Hank Azaria[11] State comptroller.[12] "Lisa Gets an 'A'" 1998-11-22 Mary Bailey Maggie Roswell[7] Governor of Springfield's state. "Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" 1990-11-01 Birchibald "Birch" T. Barlow Harry Shearer[7] Radio talk show host; Fox News anchor. "Sideshow Bob Roberts" 1994-10-09 Jasper Beardly Harry Shearer[7] Grampa's closest neighbor at the Retirement Castle. "Homer's Odyssey" 1990-02-04 Benjamin, Doug, and Gary Harry Shearer,[7] Hank Azaria,[2] and Dan Castellaneta[2] Springfield University students. "Homer Goes to College" 1993-10-14 Bill and Marty Dan Castellaneta[2] and Harry Shearer[7] KBBL Radio co-hosts. "Bart vs. Thanksgiving" 1990-11-22 Blinky Unvoiced Three-eyed fish. "Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" 1990-11-01 Blue Haired Lawyer[13] Dan Castellaneta[13] Attorney. "Bart Gets Hit by a Car" 1991-01-10 Boobarella Tress MacNeille Host of late night TV monster movies. "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can" 2003-02-16 Wendell Borton Russi Taylor[7] Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Homer's Odyssey" 1990-01-21 Jacqueline Bouvier Julie Kavner[2] Mother of Selma and Patty Bouvier and Marge Simpson, Grandmother of Bart, Lisa, Maggie and Ling. "Bart vs. Thanksgiving" 1990-11-22 Patty Bouvier Julie Kavner[2] Twin sister of Selma and older sister of Marge. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Selma Bouvier Julie Kavner[2] Twin sister of Patty and older sister of Marge. Adoptive mother of Ling. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Kent Brockman Harry Shearer[7] Channel 6 News anchor. "Krusty Gets Busted" 1990-04-29 Bumblebee Man Hank Azaria[2] (1992-2020) Eric Lopez (2020-present) Star of slapstick sketch comedy show on Canal Ocho. "Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie" 1992-11-03 Charles Montgomery Burns Christopher Collins (early season 1), Harry Shearer[7] Owner of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Capital City Goofball Tom Poston[14] Mascot of the Capital City Capitals baseball team.[15] "Dancin' Homer" 1990-11-08 Carl Carlson Hank Azaria (1990-2020)[2] Alex Désert (2020–present) Springfield Nuclear Power Plant employee. "Homer's Night Out" 1990-03-25 Crazy Cat Lady Tress MacNeille[10] Mentally ill owner of many cats. Name revealed as Eleanor Abernathy in "See Homer Run". "Girly Edition" 1998-04-19 Gary Chalmers Hank Azaria[2] Public schools superintendent. "Whacking Day" 1993-04-29 Charlie Dan Castellaneta[16] Springfield Nuclear Power Plant employee. "Life on the Fast Lane" 1990-03-18 Chase (Pyro) Hank Azaria[13] Luann Van Houten's ex-boyfriend; American Gladiator. "A Milhouse Divided" 1996-12-01 Scott Christian Dan Castellaneta[2] News co-anchor. "Krusty Gets Busted" 1990-04-29 Comic Book Guy Hank Azaria[2] Proprietor of The Android's Dungeon comic book store. Name revealed to be Jeff Albertson in "Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass". "Three Men and a Comic Book" 1991-05-09 Mr. Costington Hank Azaria[11] President of Costington's Department Store. "Trash of the Titans" 1998-04-26 Database Nancy Cartwright[2] Student at Springfield Elementary School. First name is revealed to be Kyle in "Yellow Subterfuge" "Bart's Comet" 1995-02-05 Declan Desmond Eric Idle Documentary filmmaker. "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky" 2003-03-20 Disco Stu Hank Azaria[11] Disco aficionado. "Two Bad Neighbors" 1996-01-14 Dolph Tress MacNeille[7] Springfield Elementary School bully. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Lunchlady Doris Doris Grau (1991-1995) Tress MacNeille (1996-present)[7] Springfield Elementary School lunch lady. "Lisa's Pony" 1991-11-07 Duffman Hank Azaria[13] Spokes-mascot for Duff Beer. His real name is Barry Duffman. "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson". 1997-09-21 Eddie and Lou Harry Shearer[7] (1990-present) and Hank Azaria[2] (1990-2020) Alex Désert (2020-present) Springfield police officers. "There's No Disgrace Like Home" 1990-01-28 Fat Tony Joe Mantegna Mob boss. "Bart the Murderer" 1991-10-10 Maude Flanders† Maggie Roswell[7] Ned Flanders's wife (dies on Season 11). "Dead Putting Society" 1990-11-15 Ned Flanders Harry Shearer[7] The Simpson family's next door neighbor; owner of The Leftorium (until it closes on Season 29), Bart Simpson's teacher at Springfield Elementary School (Season 29 onwards, substituting the void left by former deceased teacher Edna Krabappel, who was previously married to Flanders from Seasons 23 to 25).[17][18] "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Rod Flanders Pamela Hayden[7] Ned and Maude Flanders's older son. "The Call of the Simpsons" 1990-02-18 Todd Flanders Nancy Cartwright[2] Ned and Maude Flanders's younger son. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Francesca Maria Grazia Cucinotta[2] Sideshow Bob's Italian wife. "The Italian Bob" 2005-12-11 Frankie the Squealer Dan Castellaneta[11] Informant for Fat Tony.[19] "Insane Clown Poppy" 2000-11-12 Professor John Frink Hank Azaria[2] Scientist, inventor. "Old Money" 1991-03-28 Baby Gerald Unvoiced One-eyebrowed baby. Arch-nemesis of Maggie Simpson. "Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song" 1994-04-28 Ginger Flanders Tress MacNeille[10] Ned Flanders's "Vegas wife."[20] "Viva Ned Flanders" 1999-01-10 Gino Terwilliger Tress MacNeille[10] Sideshow Bob's toddler son. "The Italian Bob" 2005-12-11 Alice Glick Cloris Leachman,[21] Tress MacNeille Elderly. "Three Men and a Comic Book" 1991-05-09 Gloria Jailbird Julia Louis-Dreyfus Snake's pregnant girlfriend. "A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love" 2001-12-02 Barney Gumble Dan Castellaneta[2] Homer's drunken old pal. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Gil Gunderson Dan Castellaneta[13] Unsuccessful salesman. "Realty Bites" 1997-12-07 The Happy Little Elves Dan Castellaneta,[11] Hank Azaria,[11] and Harry Shearer[22] Children's cartoon series characters. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-02-12 Judge Constance Harm Jane Kaczmarek Springfield judge. "The Parent Rap" 2001-11-11 Herman Hermann Harry Shearer[7] Owner of Herman's Military Antiques shop.[23] "Bart the General" 1990-02-04 Bernice Hibbert Tress MacNeille[10] (1991-2021) Dawnn Lewis (2021-present) Dr. Hibbert's wife. "Bart's Dog Gets an "F"" 1991-03-07 Dr. Julius Hibbert Harry Shearer (1990-2021); Kevin Michael Richardson (2021-present)[7] Medical doctor. "Bart the Daredevil" 1990-12-06 Elizabeth Hoover Maggie Roswell[7] Lisa Simpson's teacher at Springfield Elementary School. "Brush with Greatness" 1991-04-11 Lionel Hutz Phil Hartman†[24] Attorney. "Bart Gets Hit by a Car" 1991-01-10 Itchy & Scratchy Dan Castellaneta[2] and Harry Shearer[7] Cartoon cat and mouse. "The Bart Simpson Show"[25] 1988-11-20 Jacques Albert Brooks[26] Bowling instructor.[27] "Life on the Fast Lane" 1990-03-18 Jimbo Jones Pamela Hayden[7] Springfield Elementary School bully. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Rachel Jordan Shawn Colvin[28] Lead singer of the Christian Rock band Kovenant.[29] "Alone Again, Natura-Diddily" 2000-02-13 Kang and Kodos Harry Shearer[7] and Dan Castellaneta[2] Extraterrestrials. "Treehouse of Horror" 1990-10-25 Princess Kashmir Maggie Roswell[7] Belly dancer.[30] "Homer's Night Out" 1990-03-25 Edna Krabappel† Marcia Wallace†[7] Bart Simpson's teacher at Springfield Elementary School (until season 25), and Ned Flanders wife (Seasons 23–25, when the character is revealed to have died).[31] "Bart the Genius" 1990-01-14 Rabbi Hyman Krustofsky Jackie Mason and Dan Castellaneta Rabbi; father of Krusty the Clown.[32] "Like Father, Like Clown" 1991-10-24 Krusty the Clown Dan Castellaneta[2] TV show clown host, original name Herschel Shmoikel Pinchas Yerucham Krustofski.[33] "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Cookie Kwan Tress MacNeille[10] Real estate agent.[34] "Realty Bites" 1997-12-07 Dewey Largo Harry Shearer[7] Springfield Elementary School's music teacher. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Legs and Louie Hank Azaria[2] and Dan Castellaneta[2] Fat Tony's henchmen. "Bart the Murderer" 1991-10-10 Leopold Dan Castellaneta[7] Superintendent Chalmers' assistant. "Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song" 1994-04-28 Lenny Leonard Harry Shearer[7] Springfield Nuclear Power Plant employee; one of Homer Simpson's friends. "Life on the Fast Lane" 1990-03-18 Lewis Clark Russi Taylor,[7] Kimberly Brooks Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Helen Lovejoy Maggie Roswell[7] Reverend Lovejoy's wife. "Life on the Fast Lane" 1990-03-18 Reverend Timothy Lovejoy Harry Shearer[7] Minister of the First Church of Springfield. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Coach Lugash Dan Castellaneta[11] Gymnastics instructor.[35] "Children of a Lesser Clod" 2001-05-13 Lurleen Lumpkin Beverly D'Angelo,[36] Doris Grau[7] Country music singer-songwriter. "Colonel Homer" 1992-03-26 Otto Mann Harry Shearer[7] Springfield Elementary School bus driver. "Homer's Odyssey" 1990-01-21 Captain Horatio McCallister Hank Azaria[2] Sea captain. "New Kid on the Block" 1992-11-12 Roger Meyers, Jr. Alex Rocco,[37] Dan Castellaneta[2] Chairman of Itchy & Scratchy International. "Itchy & Scratchy & Marge" 1990-12-20 Troy McClure Phil Hartman†[38] Actor. "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment" 1991-02-07 Hans Moleman Dan Castellaneta[2] Unfortunate man. "Principal Charming" 1991-02-14 Dr. Marvin Monroe† Harry Shearer[7] Psychotherapist. "There's No Disgrace Like Home" 1990-01-28 Nelson Muntz Nancy Cartwright Springfield Elementary School bully. "Bart the General" 1990-02-04 Captain Lance Murdock Dan Castellaneta[2] Daredevil. "Bart the Daredevil" 1990-12-06 Bleeding Gums Murphy† Ron Taylor[39] Blues musician.[40] "Moaning Lisa" 1990-02-11 Lindsey Naegle Tress MacNeille[10] Corporate executive. "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show" 1997-02-09 Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Hank Azaria[2] Operator of the Kwik-E-Mart. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon Jan Hooks (1997-2002), Tress MacNeille (2014-present)[41] Apu Nahasapeemapetilon's wife. "Much Apu About Nothing" 1997-11-16 Sanjay Nahasapeemapetilon Harry Shearer[10] Apu Nahasapeemapetilon's older brother. "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment" 1991-02-07 Jake[42] Dan Castellaneta,[42] Harry Shearer[22] Barber. "Simpson and Delilah" 1990-10-18 Old Jewish Man Hank Azaria[13] Springfield Retirement Castle resident. "Krusty Gets Kancelled" 1993-05-13 Patches and Poor Violet Pamela Hayden[10] and Tress MacNeille[10] Orphans.[43] "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" 1997-12-21 Arnie Pye Dan Castellaneta[2] Channel 6 helicopter reporter. "Homer Alone" 1992-02-06 Herbert Powell Danny DeVito[44] Homer Simpson's half-brother.[45] "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" 1991-02-21 Janey Powell Pamela Hayden[7] Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Moaning Lisa" 1990-02-11 Ruth Powers Pamela Reed[46] The Simpsons' next door neighbor.[47] "New Kid on the Block" 1992-11-12 Martin Prince Russi Taylor (1990-2019)[7] Grey DeLisle (2019–present) Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Bart the Genius" 1990-01-14 Loren Pryor Harry Shearer[7] Springfield Elementary's school psychologist. "Bart the Genius" 1990-01-14 Mayor "Diamond" Joe Quimby Dan Castellaneta[2] Mayor of Springfield. "The Call of the Simpsons" 1990-10-11 Radioactive Man Harry Shearer Comic book superhero. "Three Men and a Comic Book" 1991-05-09 The Rich Texan Dan Castellaneta[13] Philanthropist. "$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)" 1993-12-16 Richard Pamela Hayden,[7] Nancy Cartwright[2] Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Bart the Genius" 1990-01-14 Luigi Risotto Hank Azaria[13] Italian restaurant proprietor. "Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song" 1994-04-28 Dr. Nick Riviera Hank Azaria[2] Incompetent medical doctor. Injured at the end of the movie by a falling chunk of glass, and brought back in the twentieth season. "Bart Gets Hit by a Car" 1991-01-10 Santa's Little Helper Dan Castellaneta,[2] Frank Welker[22] The Simpson family's pet dog. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Sherri and Terri Russi Taylor (1990-2019)[7] Grey DeLisle (2019–present) Identical twins; Students at Springfield Elementary School. "Homer's Odyssey" 1990-01-21 Dave Shutton Harry Shearer[7] Reporter for The Springfield Shopper. "Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" 1990-11-01 Robert Terwilliger Kelsey Grammer[48] Criminal mastermind and Krusty the Clown Show ex-operator and sidekick. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Sideshow Mel Dan Castellaneta[2] The Krusty the Clown Show sidekick. "Itchy & Scratchy & Marge" 1990-12-20 Grampa Simpson Dan Castellaneta[2] Homer Simpson's father; Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Simpson's grandfather. "Grandpa and the Kids" (The Simpsons shorts)[49] 1988-01-10 Amber Simpson Pamela Hayden[10] Homer Simpson's deceased "Vegas wife."[20] "Viva Ned Flanders" 1999-01-10 Mona Simpson Glenn Close,[50] Tress MacNeille,[10] Maggie Roswell[51] Estranged mother of Homer Simpson and wife of Abe Simpson. "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" 1991-02-21 Agnes Skinner Tress MacNeille[7] Seymour Skinner's mother. "The Crepes of Wrath" 1990-04-15 Seymour Skinner Harry Shearer[7] Principal of Springfield Elementary School. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Waylon Smithers Harry Shearer[7] Mr. Burns's personal assistant. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Snake Jailbird Hank Azaria[2] Recidivist. "The War of the Simpsons" 1991-05-02 Snowball II Frank Welker The Simpson family's pet cats. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Roy Snyder Harry Shearer[10] Springfield judge. "Krusty Gets Busted" 1990-04-29 Jebediah Springfield Harry Shearer[7] Founder of Springfield; local hero. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 Cletus Spuckler Hank Azaria[2] Slack-Jawed Yokel. "Bart Gets an Elephant" 1994-03-31 Brandine Spuckler Tress MacNeille[7] Cletus Spuckler's wife and sister. "Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield" 1996-02-04 Squeaky-Voiced Teen Dan Castellaneta[13] Service industry. "Dog of Death" 1991-02-14 Moe Szyslak Hank Azaria[2] Owner of Moe's Tavern. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Drederick Tatum Hank Azaria[2] Professional boxer, a caricature of Mike Tyson.[52] "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment" 1991-02-07 Allison Taylor Winona Ryder, Pamela Hayden Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Lisa's Rival" 1994-09-11 Mr. Teeny Dan Castellaneta[13] The Krusty the Clown Show trained monkey. "Like Father, Like Clown" 1991-10-24 Cecil Terwilliger David Hyde Pierce[53] Sideshow Bob's younger brother.[54] "Brother from Another Series" 1997-02-23 Johnny Tightlips Hank Azaria[11] One of Fat Tony's henchmen.[19] "Insane Clown Poppy" 2000-11-12 Üter Zörker Russi Taylor[7] Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Treehouse of Horror IV" 1993-10-28 Kirk Van Houten Hank Azaria[2] Milhouse Van Houten's father; factory worker. "Bart's Friend Falls in Love" 1992-05-07 Luann Van Houten Maggie Roswell[7] Kirk Van Houten's wife; Milhouse's mother. "Homer Defined" 1991-10-17 Milhouse Van Houten Pamela Hayden[7] Bart Simpson's best friend; Student at Springfield Elementary School. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Dr. Velimirovic Hank Azaria[11] Plastic surgeon.[55] "Pygmoelian" 2000-02-27 Police Chief Clancy Wiggum Hank Azaria[2] Springfield Chief of Police. "Homer's Odyssey" 1990-01-21 Ralph Wiggum Nancy Cartwright[2] Son of Police Chief Clancy Wiggum. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" 1989-12-17 Sarah Wiggum Pamela Hayden[10] Chief Wiggum's wife; Ralph Wiggum's mother. "Duffless" 1993-02-18 Groundskeeper Willie Dan Castellaneta[2] Janitor of Springfield Elementary School. "Principal Charming" 1991-02-14 Raphael Hank Azaria[11] Service industry. "The Way We Was" 1991-01-31 Rainier Wolfcastle (McBain) Harry Shearer[7] Actor; star of McBain films. "The Way We Was" 1991-01-31 The Yes Guy[11] Dan Castellaneta[11] Service industry. "Mayored to the Mob" 1998-12-20 Artie Ziff Jon Lovitz,[56] Dan Castellaneta[42] Former billionaire and Marge's prom date.[57] "The Way We Was" 1991-01-31 Kearney Zzyzwicz Nancy Cartwright[2] Springfield Elementary School bully. "The Telltale Head" 1990-02-25 References Citations  Rabin, Nathan (26 April 2006). "Matt Groening: Interview". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 29 September 2008.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 178.  Groening, Matt (19 April 1987). "Good Night". The Simpsons shorts. Season 1. Episode 1. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 45.  Scovell, Nell; Archer, Wesley (24 January 1991). "One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish". The Simpsons. Season 2. Episode 11. Fox.  Vitti, Jon; Reardon, Jim (3 October 1991). "When Flanders Failed". The Simpsons. Season 3. Episode 3. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 179.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 66.  Gewirtz, Howard; Kirkland, Mark (17 October 1991). "Homer Defined". The Simpsons. Season 3. Episode 40. Fox.  Gimple, p. 87  McCann, p. 116  Maxtone-Graham, Ian; Anderson, Bob (22 November 1998). "Lisa Gets an "A"". The Simpsons. Season 10. Episode 7. Fox.  Gimple, p. 86  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 39.  Levine, Ken and David Isaacs; Kirkland, Mark (8 November 1990). "Dancin' Homer". The Simpsons. Season 2. Episode 5. Fox.  Castellaneta, Dan; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark; Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Silverman, David; Vitti, Jon. The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season DVD Video Collector's Edition commentary for the episode "Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk" (DVD). Twentieth Century Fox.  Perkins, Dennis. "Flanders loses his faith and an inconsequential Simpsons tests ours". avclub.com.  "The Simpsons Season 29 Episode 19 Review: Left Behind". denofgeek.com. 7 May 2018.  Frink, John and Don Payne; Anderson, Bob (29 April 2000). "Insane Clown Poppy". The Simpsons. Season 12. Episode 3. Fox.  Stern, David M.; Affleck, Neil (10 January 1999). "Viva Ned Flanders". The Simpsons. Season 10. Episode 10. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 57.  McCann, p. 117  Swartzwelder, John; Silverman, David (4 February 1990). "Bart the General". The Simpsons. Season 1. Episode 5. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 44.  Groening, Matt (20 November 1988). "The Bart Simpson Show". The Simpsons shorts. Season 3. Episode 32. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 25.  Swartzwelder, John; Silverman, David (18 March 1990). "Life on the Fast Lane". The Simpsons. Season 1. Episode 9. Fox.  McCann, p. 38  Maxtone-Graham, Ian; Reardon Jim (13 February 2000). "Alone Again, Natura-diddily". The Simpsons. Season 11. Episode 14. Fox.  Vitti, Jon; Moore, Rich (25 March 1990). "Homer's Night Out". The Simpsons. Season 1. Episode 10. Fox.  Kaiser, Rowan (2012-05-14). "The Simsons "Ned 'n Edna's Blend"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2012-05-21.  Kogen, Jay and Wallace Wolodarsky; Lynch, Jeffrey with Brad Bird (24 October 1991). "Like Father, Like Clown". The Simpsons. Season 3. Episode 6. Fox.  Cohen, Joel H.; Kruse, Nancy (2003-12-07). "Today I Am a Clown". The Simpsons. Season 15. Episode 6. Fox.  Greaney, Dan; Scott III, Swinton O. (7 December 1997). "Realty Bites". The Simpsons. Season 9. Episode 9. Fox.  Jean, Al; Polcino, Mike (13 May 2001). "Children of a Lesser Clod". The Simpsons. Season 12. Episode 20. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 85.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 43.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 200.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 22.  Jean, Al and Mike Reiss; Archer, Wesley (11 February 1990). "Moaning Lisa (The Simpsons)". The Simpsons. Season 1. Episode 6. Fox.  Gimple, p. 64  Castellaneta, Dan; Gewirtz, Howard; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; Kirkland, Mark; Reiss, Mike. The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season DVD Video Collector's Edition commentary for the episode "Homer Defined" (DVD). Twentieth Century Fox.  Hauge, Ron; Anderson, Bob (21 December 1997). "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace". The Simpsons. Season 9. Episode 10. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 50.  Martin, Jeff; Archer, Wesley (21 February 1991). "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?". The Simpsons. Season 2. Episode 15. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 126.  O'Brien, Conan; Archer, Wesley (12 November 1992). "New Kid on the Block". The Simpsons. Season 4. Episode 8. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 121.  Groening, Matt (10 January 1988). "Grampa and the Kids". The Simpsons shorts. Season 2. Episode 19. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 189.  Appel, Richard; Groening, Matt; Oakley, Bill; Silverman, David; Weinstein, Josh. The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season DVD Video Collector's Edition commentary for the episode "Mother Simpson" (DVD). Twentieth Century Fox.  Collier, Jonathan; Kirkland, Mark (21 November 1991). "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment". The Simpsons. Season 3. Episode 10. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 229.  Keeler, Ken; Michels, Pete (23 February 1997). "Brother from Another Series". The Simpsons. Season 8. Episode 16. Fox.  Doyle, Larry; Kirkland, Mark (27 February 2000). "Pygmoelian". The Simpsons. Season 11. Episode 16. Fox.  Richmond & Coffman 1997, p. 47.  Castellaneta, Dan and Deb Lacusta; Kruse, Nancy (14 March 2004). "The Ziff Who Came to Dinner". The Simpsons. Season 15. Episode 14. Fox. Bibliography Gimple, Scott M. (1999). The Simpsons Forever! A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family...Continued. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-098763-4. Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M. McCann, Jesse L. (2002). The Simpsons Beyond Forever! A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family...Still Continued. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-050592-3. vte The Simpsons The Simpsons franchiseHistory Media Episodes Seasons 1–20Season 21–present Seasons 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233 Film The Simpsons Movie (2007) Shorts 1980s shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show "Good Night"The Longest Daycare (2012)Playdate with Destiny (2020)The Force Awakens from Its Nap (2021)The Good, the Bart, and the Loki (2021)The Simpsons | Balenciaga (2021)Plusaversary (2021) Theme parks Springfield FloridaHollywoodThe Simpsons RideKang & Kodos' Twirl 'n' Hurl Video gamesBooksComicsDiscographySimpsons IllustratedWorld of Springfield list of figures and playsets Characters Simpson family and relatives Homer SimpsonMarge SimpsonBart SimpsonLisa SimpsonMaggie SimpsonGrampa SimpsonPatty and Selma BouvierMona SimpsonSanta's Little Helper Recurring characters Sideshow BobKent BrockmanMr. BurnsComic Book GuyDuffmanFat TonyNed FlandersProfessor FrinkBarney GumbleDr. HibbertLionel HutzKang and KodosEdna KrabappelKrusty the ClownReverend LovejoyTroy McClureNelson MuntzApu NahasapeemapetilonMayor QuimbyPrincipal SkinnerWaylon SmithersMoe SzyslakMilhouse Van HoutenChief WiggumRalph WiggumGroundskeeper Willie Production Matt GroeningCast membersDirectorsWritersGuest stars Seasons 1–20Seasons 21–presentNon-English versions Hallmarks Opening sequenceMain title themeThe Itchy & Scratchy ShowProducts Duff Beer"D'oh!""¡Ay, caramba!" 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  • Condition: Pre-owned
  • Condition: See pictures for detailed condition.
  • Size: S
  • Character: Maggie Simpson
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Portugal
  • Department: Men
  • Type: T-Shirt
  • Color: Black
  • Vintage: Yes
  • Character Family: The Simpsons
  • Brand: Zara
  • Size Type: Regular

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