50AD Original Authentic Ancient ROMAN GLASS VASE Urn Vessel Artifact RARE i56181

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Seller: Top-Rated Plus Seller highrating_lowprice ✉️ (26,811) 100%, Location: Rego Park, New York, US, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 351752502636 50AD Original Authentic Ancient ROMAN GLASS VASE Urn Vessel Artifact RARE i56181.
Item: i56181     Authentic Ancient

Roman Glass Vase from circa 50-250 A.D. 9.5 x 6.5 cm (102.82 grams)

Provenance: From private collection in the United  States of America. Ownership History: From private collection in the United States, bought in  private sale in the United States of America. You are bidding on the exact  item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime  Guarantee of Authenticity.

Roman glass   objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts. Glass was used primarily for the production of  vessels, although mosaic tiles and window glass were also produced. Roman glass  production developed from Hellenistic technical traditions, initially  concentrating on the production of intensely coloured cast glass vessels.  However, during the 1st century AD the industry underwent rapid technical growth  that saw the introduction of glass blowing and the dominance of colourless or  ‘aqua’ glasses. Production of raw glass was undertaken in geographically  separate locations to the working of glass into finished vessels, and by the end  of the 1st century AD large scale manufacturing resulted in the establishment of  glass as a commonly available material in the Roman world, and one which also  had technically very difficult specialized types of luxury glass, which must  have been very expensive.

Growth of  the Roman glass industry   Roman glass from the 2nd century

Despite the growth of glass working in the Hellenistic World and the  growing place of glass in material culture , at the beginning of the 1st  century AD there was still no Latin word for it in the Roman World. However,  glass was being produced in Roman contexts using primarily Hellenistic techniques and styles (see glass, history ) by the late Republican period. The majority of  manufacturing techniques were time-consuming, and the initial product was a  thick-walled vessel which required considerable finishing. This, combined with  the cost of importing natron for the production of raw glass,  contributed to the limited use of glass and its position as an expensive and  high-status material.

The glass industry was therefore a relatively minor craft during the  Republican period; although, during the early decades of the 1st century AD the  quantity and diversity of glass vessels available increased dramatically. This  was a direct result of the massive growth of the Roman influence at the end of  the Republican period, the Pax Romana that followed the decades of civil  war, and the stabilisation of the state that occurred under Augustus ’ rule. Still, Roman glasswares were  already making their way from Western Asia (i.e. the Parthian Empire ) to the Kushan Empire in Afghanistan and India and as  far Han Empire of China ; the first Roman glass found in China came from an early 1st-century BC tomb at Guangzhou .

In addition to this a major new technique in glass production had been  introduced during the 1st century AD. Glassblowing allowed glass workers to produce  vessels with considerably thinner walls, decreasing the amount of glass needed  for each vessel. Glass blowing was also considerably quicker than other  techniques, and vessels required considerably less finishing, representing a  further saving in time, raw material and equipment. Although earlier techniques  dominated during the early Augustan and Julio-Claudian periods, by the middle to late  1st century AD earlier techniques had been largely abandoned in favour of  blowing.

As a result of these factors, the cost of production was reduced and glass  became available for a wider section of society in a growing variety of forms.  By the mid-1st century AD this meant that glass vessels had moved from a  valuable, high-status commodity, to a material commonly available: “a [glass]  drinking cup could be bought for a copper coin” (Strabo, Geographica XVI.2). This growth also saw the  production of the first glass tesserae for mosaics, and the first window  glass, as furnace technology improved allowing molten glass to be produced for  the first time. At the same time, the expansion of the empire also brought an  influx of people and an expansion of cultural influences that resulted in the  adoption of eastern decorative styles. The changes that took place in the Roman  glass industry during this period can therefore be seen as a result of three  primary influences: historical events, technical innovation and contemporary  fashions. They are also linked to the fashions and technologies developed in the  ceramic trade, from which a number of forms and techniques were drawn.

  "Circus beaker" from Roman Iron Age , found in Varpelev,  Denmark   Green Roman glass cup unearthed at Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD)  tomb, Guangxi , China

Glass making reached its peak at the beginning of the 2nd century AD, with  glass objects in domestic contexts of every kind. The primary production  techniques of blowing, and to a lesser extent casting, remained in use for the  rest of the Roman period, with changes in vessel types but little change in  technology. From the 2nd century onwards styles became increasingly  regionalised, and evidence indicates that bottles and closed vessels such as  unguentaria moved as a by-product of the trade in their contents, and many  appear to have matched the Roman scale of liquid measurement. The use of  coloured glass as a decorative addition to pale and colourless glasses also  increased, and metal vessels continued to influence the shape of glass vessels.  After the conversion of Constantine, glass works began to move more quickly from  depicting Pagan religious imagery towards Christian religious imagery. The  movement of the capital to Constantinople rejuvenated the Eastern glass  industry, and the presence of the Roman military in the western provinces did  much to prevent any downturn there. By the mid-4th century mould-blowing was in  use only sporadically.

Roman glass production

Composition Main article: Glass   Close-up of beach sand, the main component of Roman glass

Roman glass production relied on the application of heat to fuse two primary  ingredients: silica and soda. Technical studies of archaeological glasses divide  the ingredients of glass as formers, fluxes, stabilisers, as well as possible  opacifiers or colourants.

  • Former: The major component of the glass is silica, which during  the Roman period was sand (quartz), which contains some alumina (typically 2.5%) and nearly 8% lime . Alumina contents vary, peaking around  3% in glasses from the western Empire , and remaining notably lower  in glasses from the Middle East.
  • Flux: This ingredient was used to lower the melting point of the silica to form glass.  Analysis of Roman glass has shown that soda (sodium  carbonate) was used exclusively in glass production. During this  period, the primary source of soda was natron , a naturally occurring salt found in  dry lake beds. The main source of natron during the Roman period was Wadi El Natrun , Egypt, although there may  have been a source in Italy.
  • Stabiliser: Glasses formed of silica and soda are naturally  soluble, and require the addition of a stabiliser such as lime or magnesia.  Lime was the primary stabiliser in use during the Roman period, entering the  glass through calcareous particles in the beach sand,  rather than as a separate component.

Roman glass has also been shown to contain around 1% to 2% chlorine, in  contrast to later glasses. This is thought to have originated either in the  addition of salt (NaCl) to reduce the melting temperature and viscosity of the  glass, or as a contaminant in the natron.

Glass making   Roman blown-glass cinerary urn , dated between 1st and  3rd centuries AD

Archaeological evidence for glass making during the Roman period is scarce,  but by drawing comparisons with the later Islamic and Byzantine periods, it is clear that glass  making was a significant industry. By the end of the Roman period glass was  being produced in large quantities contained in tanks situated inside highly  specialised furnaces, as the 8-tonne glass slab recovered from Bet She'arim illustrates. These workshops could  produce many tonnes of raw glass in a single furnace firing, and although this  firing might have taken weeks, a single primary workshop could potentially  supply multiple secondary glass working sites. It is therefore thought that raw  glass production was centred around a relatively small number of workshops,  where glass was produced on a large scale and then broken into chunks. There is  only limited evidence for local glass making, and only in context of window  glass. The development of this large-scale industry is not fully understood, but Pliny's Natural History (36, 194), in addition  to evidence for the first use of molten glass in the mid-1st century AD,  indicates that furnace technologies experienced marked development during the  early-to-mid-1st century AD, in tandem with the expansion of glass production.

The siting of glass-making workshops was governed by three primary factors:  the availability of fuel which was needed in large quantities, sources of sand  which represented the major constituent of the glass, and natron to act as a  flux. Roman glass relied on natron from Wadi El Natrun, and as a result it is  thought that glass-making workshops during the Roman period may have been  confined to near-coastal regions of the eastern Mediterranean . This facilitated the trade in  the raw colourless or naturally coloured glass which they produced, which  reached glass-working sites across the Roman empire.

The scarcity of archaeological evidence for Roman glass-making facilities has  resulted in the use of chemical compositions as evidence for production models,  as the division of production indicates that any variation is related to  differences in raw glass making. However, the Roman reliance on natron from Wadi  El Natrun as a flux, has resulted in a largely homogenous composition in the  majority of Roman glasses. Despite the publication of major analyses,  comparisons of chemical analyses produced by different analytical methods have  only recently been attempted, and although there is some variation in Roman  glass compositions, meaningful compositional groups have been difficult to  establish for this period.

Recycling

The Roman writers Statius and Martial both indicate that recycling broken  glass was an important part of the glass industry, and this seems to be  supported by the fact that only rarely are glass fragments of any size recovered  from domestic sites of this period. In the western empire there is evidence that  recycling of broken glass was frequent and extensive(cullet), and that  quantities of broken glassware were concentrated at local sites prior to melting  back into raw glass. Compositionally, repeated recycling is visible via elevated  levels of those metals used as colourants.

Melting does not appear to have taken place in crucibles; rather, cooking  pots appear to have been used for small scale operations. For larger work, large  tanks or tank-like ceramic containers were utilised. In the largest cases, large  furnaces were built to surround these tanks.

Glass working

In comparison to glass making, there is evidence for glass working in many  locations across the empire. Unlike the making process, the working of glass  required significantly lower temperatures and substantially less fuel. As a  result of this and the expansion of the Empire, glass working sites developed in  Rome, Campania and the Po Valley by the end of the 1st century BC, producing the  new blown vessels alongside cast vessels. Italy is known to have been a centre  for the working and export of brightly coloured vessels at this time, with  production peaking during the mid-1st century AD.

By the early-to-mid-1st century AD, the growth of the Empire saw the  establishment of glass working sites at locations along trade routes, with  Cologne and other Rhineland centres becoming important glass working sites from  the Imperial period, and Syrian glass being exported as far as Italy. During  this period vessel forms varied between workshops, with areas such as the  Rhineland and northern France producing distinctive forms which are not seen  further south. Growth in the industry continued into the 3rd century AD, when  sites at the Colonia Claudia Agrippinensis appear to have experienced  significant expansion, and by the 3rd and early 4th centuries producers north of  the Alps were exporting down to the north of Italy and the transalpine regions.

Glass working sites such as those at Aquileia also had an important role in  the spread of glassworking traditions and the trade in materials that used  hollow glasswares as containers. However, by the 4th and 5th centuries Italian  glass workshops predominate.

Styles

The earliest Roman glass follows Hellenistic traditions and uses strongly  coloured and ‘mosaic’ patterned glass. During the late Republican period new  highly coloured striped wares with a fusion of dozens of monochrome and  lace-work strips were introduced. During this period there is some evidence that  styles of glass varied geographically, with the translucent coloured fine wares  of the early 1st century notably ‘western’ in origin, whilst the later  colourless fine wares are more ‘international’. These objects also represent the  first with a distinctly Roman style unrelated to the Hellenistic casting  traditions on which they are based, and are characterised by novel rich colours.  ‘Emerald’ green, dark or cobalt blue , a deep blue-green and Persian or  ‘peacock’ blue are most commonly associated with this period, and other colours  are very rare. Of these, Emerald green and peacock blue were new colours  introduced by the Romano-Italian industry and almost exclusively associated with  the production of fine wares.

However, during the last thirty years of the 1st century AD there was a  marked change in style, with strong colours disappearing rapidly, replaced by  ‘aqua’ and true colourless glasses. Colourless and ‘aqua’ glasses had been in  use for vessels and some mosaic designs prior to this, but start to dominate the  blown glass market at this time. The use of strong colours in cast glass died  out during this period, with colourless or 'aqua' glasses dominating the last  class of cast vessels to be produced in quantity, as mould and free-blowing took  over during the 1st century AD.

From around 70 AD colourless glass becomes the predominant material for fine  wares, and the cheaper glasses move towards pale shades of blue, green, and  yellow. Debate continues whether this change in fashion indicates a change in  attitude that placed glass as individual material of merit no longer required to  imitate precious stones, ceramics, or metal, or whether the shift to colourless  glass indicated an attempt to mimic highly prized rock crystal. Pliny's Natural History states that “the most  highly valued glass is colourless and transparent, as closely as possible  resembling rock crystal” (36, 192), which is thought to support this last  position, as is evidence for the persistence of casting as a production  technique, which produced the thickly walled vessels necessary to take the  pressure of extensive cutting and polishing associated with crystal working.

Vessel  production techniques

Core and rod  formed vessels

Artisans used a mass of mud and straw fixed around a metal rod to form a  core, and built up a vessel by either dipping the core in liquified glass, or by  trailing liquid glass over the core. The core was removed after the glass had  cooled, and handles, rims and bases were then added. These vessels are  characterised by relatively thick walls, bright colours and zigzagging patterns  of contrasting colours, and were limited in size to small unguent or scent containers. This early  technique continued in popularity during the 1st century BC, despite the earlier  introduction of slumped and cast vessels.

Cold-cut vessels

This technique is related to the origin of glass as a substitute for gemstones . By borrowing techniques for stone  and carved gems , artisans were able to produce a  variety of small containers from blocks of raw glass or thick moulded blanks,  including cameo glass in two or more colours, and cage cups (still thought by most scholars to  have been decorated by cutting, despite some debate).

Glass blowing: free and mould blown vessels

These techniques, which were to dominate the Roman glass working industry  after the late 1st century AD, are discussed in detail on the glass blowing page. Mould-blown glass appears  in the second quarter of the 1st century AD.


        

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  • Type: Urn

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